Cov txheej txheem:
- Kauj Ruam 1: Txiav txim siab Loj npaum li cas Pawg Thawj Coj yuav tsum yog
- Kauj Ruam 2: Qhib Kab ntawm Tooj
- Kauj Ruam 3: Ua Txoj Kab No Deeper Groove
- Kauj Ruam 4: Qhib Lwm Sab
- Kauj Ruam 5: Groove ntawm Plain Sab
- Kauj Ruam 6: Tua Nws Sib nrug
- Kauj Ruam 7: Txiav Daim PCB Laminate
- Kauj Ruam 8: Txiav Txim Siab Yuav Tsum Ua Li Cas
- Kauj Ruam 9: Ntxuav Lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib
- Kauj Ruam 10: Pawg Thawj Coj Ntxuav
- Kauj Ruam 11: Thov Etch Resist
- Kauj Ruam 12: Kos rau Txoj Haujlwm ntawm Cov Thawj Coj
- Kauj Ruam 13: Kos Ib Sab Pads Nrog Cov Ntsuas Ntse
- Kauj Ruam 14: Kos qhov seem ntawm Circuit hauv
- Kauj Ruam 15: Ua yuam kev tuaj yeem kho tau
- Kauj Ruam 16: Etching Tank
- Kauj Ruam 17: Lub Etch Tank Setup
- Kauj Ruam 18: Lwm Lub Tank
- Kauj Ruam 19: Etching Board
- Kauj Ruam 20: Pawg Etched
- Kauj Ruam 21: Xeem Pawg Thawj Coj rau Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob luv
- Kauj Ruam 22: Laum Qhov
- Kauj Ruam 23: Qhov Ntsuas
- Kauj Ruam 24: Crystal Socket
- Kauj Ruam 25: Mount Cheebtsam
- Kauj Ruam 26: Txhim Kho Cov Hluav Taws Xob
- Kauj Ruam 27: Pawg Thawj Coj Ua tiav
Video: Cov Txheej Txheem Dej Dej Ntsev: 27 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)
2024 Tus sau: John Day | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-30 09:30
Qhov no yog ib qho txheej txheem los tsim ib lub rooj sib tham luam tawm los ntawm kev tshem cov tooj liab uas tsis xav tau los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob hauv cov kua ntsev. yuav haum rau nws) hauv daim duab. Nws yuav tsum tau ntsaws rau hauv kuv lub khob cij thiab lees txais cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm los ntawm kuv tus PIC programmer (tsuas yog mus rau https://geocities.com/it2n/circuits.html thiab saib nws). yuav tsis raug coj mus rau daim ntawv qhia zaub mov. Txhawm rau ua si ib puag ncig nrog lub moos zaus, siv lead ua yuav tsum tau pluggable. Tus Xib Hwb qhia lub teeb liab yuav tsis raug coj tawm. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no txhais tau tias yog lub rooj tsavxwm nrog ob.1 suab sib txuas, ib qho nrog 13 qhov txuas thiab lwm qhov nrog tsib qhov sib txuas, ib tus pin sib nrug sib nrug ntawm qhov no. tus pib, thiab yuav luag txhua kauj ruam yuav tsum tau piav qhia.
Kauj Ruam 1: Txiav txim siab Loj npaum li cas Pawg Thawj Coj yuav tsum yog
Los ntawm daim duab, sab uas ntsaws rau hauv lub khob cij muaj 13 qhov sib txuas, thiab lub qhov hauv bb yog sib nrug 0.1 nti sib nrug. Yog li peb xav tau tsawg kawg 1.3 ntiv tes kom haum 13 tus pin.
Hais ib thiab ib nrab ntiv tes, daim duab zoo. Nqa ib daim tooj liab clad board loj dua 1.5 ntiv tes ib sab. Kos ib kab ntawm ib thiab ib nrab ntiv tes.
Kauj Ruam 2: Qhib Kab ntawm Tooj
Tuav koj tus pas ntsuas lossis ncaj ncaj khov kho ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Tuav rab riam maj mam thiab kos hla kab ntau zaus.
Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, yuav muaj lub khob ntawm tooj liab, faib nws ua ob. Yog tias koj dais nrog rab riam, yuav muaj feem uas nws tuaj yeem hla mus thiab txiav lub rooj tsavxwm tob qhov uas koj tsis xav kom nws txiav - thiab koj yuav saib mus rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm koj cov khoom PCB uas puas lawm. Ua siab ntev. Ua siab ntev nws muaj nws qhov kev tsim txiaj, vim tias lub neej yuav qhia koj tsis tu ncua.
Kauj Ruam 3: Ua Txoj Kab No Deeper Groove
Tam sim no, koj tuaj yeem nqa tus pas ntsuas tawm thiab nrog lub zog me ntsis ntxiv ntawm rab riam, hla txoj kab ob peb zaug ntxiv. Nws yuav raug coj los ntawm kev txiav, thiab koj xav tau lub zawj ntawm sab ntawd.
Tom qab ntawd ntawm txhua ntug, kos lub tiaj tiaj ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm thiab kos kab rau ntawd, ib yam, raws nraim ntawm lwm sab.
Kauj Ruam 4: Qhib Lwm Sab
Tam sim no koj xav tau ib qho zawj ntawm lwm sab ntawm laminate, ib yam.
Koj yuav muaj lub rooj tsavxwm nrog cov zawj ntawm ob sab, thiab khoov nws nrog cov ntiv tes yuav txaus los ua kom nws tawg zoo nyob ntawm kab no. Qhov no yog sab tooj liab, nrog qhov tob tob.
Kauj Ruam 5: Groove ntawm Plain Sab
Qhov no yog ib sab dawb ntawm laminate, nrog qhov tob tob.
Kauj Ruam 6: Tua Nws Sib nrug
Yog koj saib ntawm ntug, koj yuav pom tias ob lub zawj nyob rau saum thiab hauv qab ntawm daim ntawv tau ua rau nws tsis muaj zog ntawm kab thiab nws yuav tawg yooj yim.
Kauj Ruam 7: Txiav Daim PCB Laminate
Yog li peb tau txiav cov laminate kom txog ib thiab ib nrab ntiv tes. Nws yog qhov tseeb me ntsis ntau dua qhov ntawd, thiab qhov no yog rau cov nyiaj pab hauv kev ua tiav.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab xuab zeb los ua kom cov npoo du thiab qhov ntawd yuav tshem tawm cov khoom me ntsis.
Kauj Ruam 8: Txiav Txim Siab Yuav Tsum Ua Li Cas
Tam sim no peb yuav tsum txiav txim siab tias pawg thawj coj loj yuav tsum nyob rau lwm qhov twg.
Peb xav tau ob tus txuas, PIC, siv lead ua, thiab qee lub peev xwm thiab ib tus tiv thaiv. Kev teeb tsa lawv txhua tus ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, zoo li kwv yees li 2 yuav txaus.
Kauj Ruam 9: Ntxuav Lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib
Tshem tawm cov npoo npoo ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm uas siv cov ntawv xuab zeb (Los yog tawm mus thiab txhuam nws ntawm cov qib ntxhib zeb nto).
Ntxuav cov tooj liab kom siv cov ntaub so kom huv - qhov kuv siv yog npaj rau siv hauv chav ua noj, thiab tooj liab muaj tshuaj lom yog li tsis txhob cia koj tus poj niam lossis tus niam tsiv nws mus rau chav ua noj tom qab koj tau siv nws - nws kuj tseem yuav yog lub tswv yim zoo tsis txhob qiv ib qho hauv chav ua noj rau lub hom phiaj no.
Kauj Ruam 10: Pawg Thawj Coj Ntxuav
Kuv tau ntxuav li ob ntiv tes ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Lub rooj tsavxwm yuav raug txiav kom loj me me tom qab kos, raws li qhov ntev ntxiv ua lub luag haujlwm los tuav lub rooj tsavxwm.
Lub rooj tsav tsheb uas tau ntxuav yuav muaj qhov ntxhib nto vim qhov khawb qhov ua haujlwm ntawm lub ncoo txhuam, thiab qhov no pab pawg thawj coj tuav cov etch tiv taus zoo dua.
Kauj Ruam 11: Thov Etch Resist
Tam sim no koj pleev xim rau thaj chaw nrog qee qhov tiv thaiv.
Nws tuaj yeem yog cov xim - nws yuav tsum tuav ua ke hauv qab dej, qhov ntawd yog txhua yam. Tus cim ruaj khov tuaj nyob rau hauv ib qho yooj yim thov daim ntawv, thiab qhov ntawd yog qhov kuv siv. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntsia thawv ntsia hlau, yog tias koj muaj hmoo txaus kom muaj tus hluas nkauj thiab nws tsis mloog koj lub sijhawm siv hunched hla cov khoom ntawm pawg thawj coj thiab cov khoom siv. Koj xav tau lub tsho me me kom huv, ib qho uas tuaj yeem khawb tawm hauv kab nyias. Lub tsho tuab yuav zoo li rub tawm hauv cov nplaim taws thaum koj sim ntsuas cov kab ntawm nws.
Kauj Ruam 12: Kos rau Txoj Haujlwm ntawm Cov Thawj Coj
Tam sim no, koj yuav tsum khij lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cov khoom loj. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv qhov feem cuam tshuam nws tus kheej ua tus qauv.
Kuv tau kaw lub 16F54 rau lub rooj tsavxwm nrog ob daim clipcs crocs. Kos qhov chaw ntawm txhua tus pin, thiab koj tuaj yeem nqa txhua tus nabqa tig los kos rau hauv qab nws.
Kauj Ruam 13: Kos Ib Sab Pads Nrog Cov Ntsuas Ntse
Tom qab koj tau cim cov haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub qhwv ic, thiab tshem tawm daim ic, yuav muaj qhov tsis sib xws ob peb qhov chaw uas qhov kev tawm tsam tau rub tawm.
Kho lawv nrog dab dab ntawm cov khoom qub, thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau theem tom ntej: piav qhia cov ntaub qhwv. Siv tus tswj kav pob tshab kom pom tseeb thiab qee yam nrog lub ntsiab lus ntse los kos cov kab pheeb ces kaum. Xa mus rau qhov txheej txheem koj tau npaj ua ntej. Koj yuav tsum xav txog cais cov ntsiab lus A los ntawm kis B los ntawm kev kos kab ntawm lawv. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim yog txuas qhov A rau taw tes B los ntawm kev kos kab txuas lawv. Kuv txoj hauv kev yuav pab khaws cov tooj liab ntau tshaj plaws ntawm lub nkoj, thiab txo cov khoom kom raug tshem tawm. Qhov no tseem ceeb, txwv tsis pub cov txheej txheem etching yuav qeeb dhau.
Kauj Ruam 14: Kos qhov seem ntawm Circuit hauv
Thaum koj tau ua tiav cov qauv ncoo rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, koj tuaj yeem kos rau qhov seem ntawm kev sib txuas.
Kuv siv me ntsis ntawm veroboard ua qauv rau qhov.1 sib nrug, thiab tso qhov seem ntawm kev txiav raws li qhov teeb tsa hauv daim duab.
Kauj Ruam 15: Ua yuam kev tuaj yeem kho tau
Txhua qhov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem ua rau txheej txheem ntawm theem no.
Tsuas yog pleev xim rau qhov khawb, thiab koj muaj daim ntaub tshiab los xyaum ua koj daim duab. Tam sim no kuv txiav txim siab tias lub rooj tsavxwm tuaj yeem ua kom nruj dua yog tias lub khoos phis tawj hloov chaw, yog li nws tau ua tiav. Ib kauj ruam tsim nyog kawg yog tso cov xim ntawm cov xim kom tag nrho cov ntaub qhwv tau txuas nrog ua ke - qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau hluav taws xob. Hauv kuv lub rooj tsavxwm, cov ntaub qhwv tau txuas nrog txhua sab thiab hauv qab. Cov khawb hauv cov xim nres luv ntawm ntug. Lawv yuav raug txiav sib nrug tom qab qhov ua kom tiav tiav. Tam sim no lub rooj tsavxwm tau npaj yuav muab sau ua lwm yam.
Kauj Ruam 16: Etching Tank
Koj pom ntawm no kuv lub tank tso tawm (sawv ib pliag hauv kev hwm, lub taub hau tsis pom). Nws yog yas, pob tshab, thiab muaj ob sab sib luag, thiab loj txaus kom haum rau pawg thawj coj saib. Ib txoj hlua tooj liab tuab yuav ua. Kuv tau siv daim ntawv ncaj ncaj, tab sis nws nyiam qhia xeb rau hauv kev daws teeb meem. Yuav luag txhua cov hlau hlau yuav ua haujlwm ntawm no.
Kauj Ruam 17: Lub Etch Tank Setup
Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig kom muaj lub teeb ci rau ntawm lwm sab ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, vim tias lub teeb ci los ntawm qhov sib dhos ua ke yuav tso cai rau koj pom kev nce qib ntawm cov ntawv.
Kuv yuav tsum pom zoo tias koj tsis teeb tsa qhov no ze rau koj cov keyboard raws li cov ntsev tov yog xeb yog tias nws nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nws kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig kom muaj noog noog saib koj. Qhov tseeb, kuv yuav tsis lees paub txhua lub luag haujlwm yog tias koj tsis muaj twee …
Kauj Ruam 18: Lwm Lub Tank
Qhov tseeb, pawg thawj coj tau ua pov thawj loj heev rau kuv lub tank tas li yog li kuv siv lub hnab yas tsuas yog loj txaus los tuav lub rooj tsavxwm raws li lub tank ntim.
Qhov no tau muaj qhov zoo ntawm qhov xav tau txawm tias tsawg dua ntawm kev daws teeb meem. Kev daws teeb meem yog ua los ntawm kev yaj ntsev ntau li ntau tau hauv dej.
Kauj Ruam 19: Etching Board
Txhawm rau teeb tsa lub rooj tsavxwm, koj ua kom muaj cov kua ntsev txaus, ua rau lub rooj tsavxwm zoo thiab raus nws mus rau hauv cov tshuaj ua ke nrog cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo. A 12 volt muaj peev xwm muab tau txog 500 milliamperes yog txaus. Hlau nws nyob rau hauv kab nrog lub teeb filament, hais 12V, 6W, rau qhov qhia txog qhov tam sim no. Koj yuav tuaj yeem saib nws cov txheej txheem los ntawm lub teeb ci los ntawm qhov khoob uas qhib thaum cov tooj liab tau noj tam sim ntawd. Pubbles ntawm hydrogen yuav pom nce los ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Yog tias lawv tau nce los ntawm tooj liab, koj tau txuas nrog cov khoom rov qab thiab koj cov hlau tau noj lawm. Txhawm rau ua cov tshuaj ntsev, koj noj qee cov dej thiab yaj cov ntsev ntau li ntau tau, yog li ua kom muaj cov kua tov. Koj ntxiv me ntsis ntsev, co nws thiab saib ntsev ploj thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv kev daws. Tom qab ntawd koj ntxiv qee qhov ntxiv, thiab nws kuj ploj mus. Tom qab qee qhov ntawm qhov ntsev yuav tsum tsis tawg txawm li cas los xij koj co thiab sib tov nws, thiab ntawm qhov no koj muaj cov kua ntsev uas koj xav tau. Dihydrogen Monoxide. Saib https://www.dhmo.org kom paub ntau ntxiv hauv kev tuav cov khoom muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai no.
Kauj Ruam 20: Pawg Etched
Koj pom ntawm no lub rooj tsavxwm tom qab kos thiab ntxuav. Cov xim tuaj yeem ua pov thawj nyuaj rau tshem tawm. Koj yuav tsum tau siv cov kuab tshuaj tsim nyog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas koj tau siv.
Lossis koj tuaj yeem siv lub ncoo txhuam los txhuam cov xim tawm. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem tawm xim rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, thiab tshem nws tsuas yog qhov uas nws xav tau los txhuam. Hauv qhov no nws tuaj yeem tsim cov pa lom thaum raug siv. Koj yuav pom tias tag nrho cov kab ke tau koom ua ke, cov no yuav tsum raug txiav sib nrug ua ntej pawg thawj coj tuaj yeem sim.
Kauj Ruam 21: Xeem Pawg Thawj Coj rau Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob luv
Tom qab cov kab ke raug txiav sib nrug nws yog qhov tseem ceeb los ntsuas tias tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab.
Koj tuaj yeem siv lub teeb 12V txuas nrog rau cov khoom siv tib yam li siv rau kev ntsuas hluav taws xob rau kev ntsuas. Los yog txoj kev kuv ua - siv 12V, 15A muab ua ke nrog lub taub hau tsheb rau qhov qhia. Cov ris luv me uas tau siv nyob ntawd tau ua pa, thiab yog tias lub teeb ci, tus tub, qhov ntawd yog qhov luv luv. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov luv luv tsuas yog ua haujlwm ntse ntawm rab riam hla kab. Lub kaum sab xis nws ib txoj hauv kev hla mus, thiab lwm txoj hauv kev hla mus tom ntej, thiab ib qho tooj liab uas tseem nyob hauv ntawd tsuas yog nqa thiab tawg mus.
Kauj Ruam 22: Laum Qhov
Lub qhov tau raug laum kom haum rau lub qhov (socket) rau siv lead ua thiab cov txheej txheem sib tham.
Kauj Ruam 23: Qhov Ntsuas
Daim duab qhia pom ob qhov kev pom ntawm qhov tig tus pin sib txuas ua ke ntawm lub qhov (socket). Nws yog ua los ntawm cov pins, ua los ntawm cov khoom lag luam bar, ua cov yas.
Peb yuav tsum tso cov pins los ntawm cov yas. Ua kom sov tus pin kom zoo kom txog thaum cov yas muag (tab sis tsis yaj) thiab rub tus pin dawb. Peb xav tau xya ntawm cov pins.
Kauj Ruam 24: Crystal Socket
Tom qab ntawd koj txiav lawv cov tails thiab ntxig lawv rau hauv lub qhov thiab cov laug. Koj muaj lub qhov ntsaws ntsaws, nrog PCB nws tus kheej yog ib feem ntawm kev sib dhos.
Kuv muaj qhov kaw ntawm qhov siv lead ua kom koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntsiab lus. Nws muaj peev xwm zom tau qee qhov ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov pins txhawm rau txhawm rau txo qhov siab. Ib feem uas ua rau muaj kev sib cuag yog lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav ntsaws rau hauv tus hollow tus pin, thiab koj tuaj yeem zom cov khoom siv ntau heev yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau sab hauv ua haujlwm ntawm tus pin ntsawb.
Kauj Ruam 25: Mount Cheebtsam
Cov khoom siv tau muab tso rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm:
Xya tus pins ua cov siv lead ua thiab cov phiaj xwm. Ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob nyob ib puag ncig siv lead ua A 10K tus tiv thaiv rub tawm MCLR kab mus rau Vdd A muab cov khoom txiav txiav tawm hla Vss thiab Vdd Ob qhov txuas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab ib qho ntxiv yuav tsum tau teeb tsa. Cov av kom haum rau kev sib koom ua ke tau raug coated nrog cov laug ua ntej kom haum nws hauv txoj haujlwm.
Kauj Ruam 26: Txhim Kho Cov Hluav Taws Xob
Lub ic tau teeb tsa kawg ntawm txhua qhov, txhawm rau txo qis txoj hauv kev puas tsuaj rau nws.
Nws tau xub muab tso rau hauv txoj haujlwm kom raug thiab ib lub kaum tus pin ua kom sov nrog cov hlau txuas. Txij li muaj me me ntawm cov laug ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, qhov no yaj thiab tuav tus ic nyob hauv txoj haujlwm. Tom qab ntawd tus kab pheeb ces kaum sib txawv ntawm tus pin tau muab muag, tom qab hloov kho me ntsis hauv txoj haujlwm raws li xav tau. Nrog rau ob lub kaum sab laug, lub ic yuav tuav ruaj khov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab yog li cov seem ntawm cov hlau lead tau xau. Qhov no ua tiav kev sib dhos ntawm pawg thawj coj, thiab nws yuav raug sim los ntawm kev rub lub "LED Blink" program lossis qee yam. Kuv tau muag Microchip PIC16F54 ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm no, tab sis pawg thawj coj no yuav ua haujlwm nrog kaum yim tus pin PIC ib yam. Qee qhov ua tau zoo dua daim ntawv tso cai siv tus pin MCLR ua cov tswv yim yog li qhov no kuj tseem yuav tsum tau coj tawm mus rau ntawm ntug.
Kauj Ruam 27: Pawg Thawj Coj Ua tiav
Tam sim no lub rooj tsavxwm tau ua tiav lawm. Kuv tau ua ob peb qhov kev hloov pauv, feem ntau yog vim nws yooj yim dua rau taug txoj hauv kev. tsis yooj yim kom paub tseeb qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov cim ntawm ntug tsuas yog saib. Cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab yuav ua daim ntawv ntawm cov teeb liab npe sau rau sab saum toj ntawm kab teeb liab. Ua kom pawg thib ob koj yuav tsum ua txhua yam no dua - Cov txheej txheem no tau pom zoo tsuas yog tias koj tab tom ua ib qho ntawm ib lub Circuit Court, uas cov qauv txheej txheem txheej txheem tsis yooj yim. cov laug cam tso dej ntawm no hauv cov lus qhia yav tom ntej
Pom zoo:
4 txog 20 MA Cov Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem Calibrator DIY - Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob: 8 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)
4 txog 20 MA Cov Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem Calibrator DIY | Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob: Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob thiab khoom siv hluav taws xob yog thaj chaw kim heev thiab nws tsis yooj yim kawm txog nws yog tias peb tsuas yog kawm tus kheej lossis nyiam ua haujlwm. Vim li ntawd kuv chav kawm ntsuas hluav taws xob thiab kuv tsim qhov peev nyiaj qis no 4 txog 20 mA
Xim Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem: Arduino Raws Li Txheej Txheem Nrog Ob Txoj Siv: 8 Kauj Ruam
Xim Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem: Arduino Raws Li Txheej Txheem Nrog Ob Txoj Siv: Kev thauj mus los thiab/lossis ntim khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom hauv thaj chaw ua haujlwm tau ua tiav siv cov kab ua siv siv txoj siv thauj khoom. Cov menyuam no pab txav cov khoom ntawm ib kis mus rau lwm qhov nrog qhov nrawm. Qee qhov kev ua lossis kev qhia paub ua haujlwm yuav yog
Cov Txheej Txheem Hluav Taws Xob rau FTC Robots - Cov Txheej Txheem thiab Cov Lus Qhia: 4 Cov Kauj Ruam
Muaj Cov Txheej Txheem Hluav Taws Xob rau FTC Neeg Hlau - Cov Txheej Txheem thiab Cov Lus Qhia: Ntau pawg FTC tso siab rau cov txheej txheem thaiv yooj yim thiab cov cuab yeej los teeb tsa hluav taws xob rau lawv cov neeg hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem yooj yim no thiab cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis txaus rau cov kab hluav taws xob xav tau ntau dua. Txawm hais tias koj pab neeg tab tom siv kev paub ntau dua
D4E1: Kev nyeem ntawv-cuab yeej 2.0 (Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem): 9 Cov Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)
D4E1: Kev nyeem ntawv-cuab yeej 2.0 (Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem): Cov ntaub ntawv:-Ob tus tub ntxhais kawm Muaj cov khoom lag luam tsim qauv hauv Kortrijk (Belgium) tuaj nrog cov cuab yeej nyeem ntawv no. Peb pib raws qhov tsim qauv uas twb muaj lawm thiab tau txhim kho nws mus rau lwm qhov kev tsim. Kev nyeem ntawv-cuab yeej thaum xub thawj tau raug txhim kho rau cli & nte
Nthuav nthuav Cov Txheej Txheem Qhia rau Tus Tsim Qauv-Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem Tswj- Loop Nqe Lus: 8 Kauj Ruam
Nthuav nthuav Cov Txheej Txheem Qhia rau Tus Tsim-Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem- Loop Nqe Lus: Cov Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem- Loop Nqe Lus Los ntawm tshooj no, koj yuav ntsib nrog qhov tseem ceeb thiab muaj zog paub txog-Loop Nqe Lus. Ua ntej nyeem tshooj no, yog tias koj xav kos 10,000 lub voj voos hauv txoj haujlwm, koj tsuas tuaj yeem ua nrog lub suab