Lub Hnub Ci Hnub Ci Cav: 7 Cov Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

2024 Tus sau: John Day | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-30 09:31

Lub Hnub Ci Tshuab yog lub voj voog uas siv rau hauv thiab khaws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov hnub ci, thiab thaum cov nyiaj tau npaj tseg tau sau tseg, nws hloov mus rau kev tsav lub cav lossis lwm tus neeg ua haujlwm. Lub hnub ci tshuab tsis yog lub cav tiag tiag hauv nws tus kheej, tab sis qhov ntawd yog nws lub npe los ntawm kev tsim siv. Nws muab kev txhawb siab, thiab ua haujlwm hauv kev rov ua dua, yog li lub npe tsis yog qhov ua tsis tiav. Nws qhov txiaj ntsig yog tias nws muab lub zog siv tau zoo thaum tsuas muaj me me lossis tsis muaj zog ntawm tshav ntuj, lossis teeb pom kev hauv chav, tuaj. Nws sau los yog sau ua ke, zoo li nws yog, cov pawg ntawm qib qis zog kom txog thaum muaj txaus rau lub zog muab zaub mov rau lub cav. Thiab thaum lub cev muaj zog tau siv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog, lub hnub ci tshuab hluav taws xob rov qab mus rau nws hom kev sib sau ua ke. Nws yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj rau cov qauv siv hluav taws xob tsis tu ncua, cov khoom ua si, lossis lwm yam khoom siv me me ntawm cov teeb pom kev qis heev. Nws yog lub tswv yim zoo uas thawj zaug tau xav thiab txo qis los ntawm ib tus Mark Tilden, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Los Alamos National Laboratory. Nws tau los nrog qhov yooj yim zoo nkauj ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob hnub ci lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas ua rau lub hnub ci me me siv cov neeg hlau ua tau. Txij thaum ntawd los, ntau tus neeg txaus siab tau xav txog hnub ci tshuab hluav taws xob nrog ntau yam ntxwv thiab txhim kho. Qhov uas tau piav qhia ntawm no tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej kom muaj ntau yam thiab muaj zog. Nws yog lub npe tom qab hnub uas nws daim duab qhia chaw tau ua tiav thiab nkag mus rau tus kws sau phau ntawv Rhiav, Easter Sunday, 2001. Nyob rau ntau xyoo txij li ntawd, tus kws sau ntawv tau ua thiab sim ntau lub kaum os hauv ntau daim ntawv thov thiab teeb tsa. Nws ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv lub teeb qis lossis siab, nrog cov khoom ntim loj lossis loj. Thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsuas yog siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txawv: diodes, transistors, resistors thiab capacitor. Cov Lus Qhia no piav qhia qhov yooj yim Easter Cav Circuit Court, nws ua haujlwm li cas, tsim kho cov lus qhia, thiab qhia qee qhov kev thov. Ib qho kev paub yooj yim nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Yog tias koj tsis tau ua ib yam dab tsi zoo li no tab sis xav ua kom mus, nws yuav yog qhov zoo ua ntej daws qee yam yooj yim dua. Koj tuaj yeem sim FLED Solar Engine in Instructables lossis "Solar Powered Symet" tau piav qhia hauv phau ntawv "Junkbots, Bugbots, & Bots on Wheels", uas yog qhov qhia tau zoo rau kev ua haujlwm xws li qhov no.

Kauj ruam 1: Easter Cav Circuit Court

Nov yog daim duab qhia chaw rau lub cav Easter ua ke nrog cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas ua rau nws. Kev tsim qauv ntawm Circuit tau tshwm sim los ntawm "Micropower Solar Engine" los ntawm Ken Huntington thiab "Suneater I" los ntawm Stephen Bolt. Ib yam nrog lawv, lub cav Easter muaj ob-ntu transistor ua-thiab-latch ntu, tab sis nrog qhov sib txawv me ntsis resistor network txuas nrog lawv. Tshooj lus no siv lub zog me me heev hauv nws tus kheej thaum qhib, tab sis tso cai rau tam sim no txaus kom tshem tawm los tsav ib lub transistor nkaus xwb uas hloov pauv ntawm lub cev muaj zog ib txwm muaj. Nov yog yuav ua li cas lub cav Easter ua haujlwm. Hnub ci cell SC maj mam tsub tus nqi khaws cia C1. Transistors Q1 thiab Q2 tsim lub latching trigger. Q1 tau tshwm sim thaum qhov hluav taws xob ntawm C1 nce mus txog qib kev coj ua los ntawm txoj hlua diode D1-D3. Nrog ob lub diodes thiab ib qho LED raws li qhia hauv daim duab, qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob yog li ntawm 2.3V, tab sis ntau lub diodes tuaj yeem tso rau kom nce qib yog tias xav tau. Thaum Q1 tig rau, lub hauv paus ntawm Q2 raug rub los ntawm R4 los qhib nws ib yam nkaus. Thaum nws qhib, nws tswj hwm lub hauv paus tam sim no ntawm R1 txog Q1 kom nws nyob. Ob lub transistors yog li no txuas rau kom txog thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm C1 poob rau ib puag ncig 1.3 lossis 1.4V. Thaum ob qho tib si Q1 thiab Q2 raug kaw, lub hauv paus ntawm "lub zog" transistor QP raug rub los ntawm R3, tig nws los tsav lub cav M, lossis lwm yam khoom siv thauj khoom. Resistor R3 kuj tseem txwv lub hauv paus tam sim no txawm hais tias QP, tab sis tus nqi pom tias tsim nyog los tig lub nra hnyav rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Yog tias qhov tam sim no ntau dua hais 200mA rau qhov xav tau, R3 tuaj yeem txo qis thiab lub luag haujlwm hnyav dua tuaj yeem siv rau QP, xws li 2N2907. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lwm tus tiv thaiv hauv Circuit Court tau raug xaiv (thiab sim) txhawm rau txwv qhov siv tam sim no los ntawm lub latch mus rau qib qis.

Kauj ruam 2: Stripboard Layout

Ib qho kev cog lus me me ntawm lub cav Easter tuaj yeem tsim ua cov kab txaij zoo ib yam li tau qhia hauv daim duab no. Nov yog qhov pom los ntawm sab tivthaiv nrog cov kab tooj liab kab hauv qab no qhia ua xim av. Lub rooj tsavxwm tsuas yog 0.8 "los ntawm 1.0", thiab tsuas yog plaub ntawm txoj kab yuav tsum tau txiav raws li qhia los ntawm cov voj dawb hauv txoj kab. Cov kab lus piav qhia ntawm no muaj ib qho ntsuab LED D1 thiab ob lub diodes D2 thiab D3 nyob rau hauv txoj hlua txhais rau tig hluav taws xob txog li 2.5V. Cov diodes tau teeb tsa ncaj nrog lub cathode kawg rau sab saud, uas yog, taw qhia rau txoj kab tsheb npav tsis zoo ntawm sab xis ntawm ntug ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Ib qho ntxiv diode tuaj yeem teeb tsa tau yooj yim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub jumper qhia los ntawm D1 txog D2 txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau taw tes. Qhov hluav taws xob tua hluav taws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua raws li tau piav qhia hauv cov kauj ruam tom ntej. Tau kawg, lwm lub rooj tsav xwm tuaj yeem siv tau. Daim duab thib plaub hauv qab no qhia txog lub cav Easter tsim los ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm me me lub hom phiaj tsim qauv. Nws tsis yog kev cog lus me me thiab ua kom zoo ib yam li daim kab xev teeb tsa, tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes nws tawm ntau chav rau kev ua haujlwm, thiab qhov chaw ntxiv rau diodes lossis ntau qhov chaw tso khoom cia. Ib tus kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv qhov yooj yim perforated phenolic board nrog qhov tsim nyog txuas txuas thiab txuas hauv qab no.

Kauj Ruam 3: Ua rau Voltages

Cov lus no qhia pom kwv yees tig-rau qhov hluav taws xob rau ntau qhov sib txuas ua ke ntawm diodes thiab LEDs uas tau sim hauv qhov ua kom muaj hlua ntawm ntau lub cav Easter. Txhua yam ntawm cov kev sib txuas ua ke no tuaj yeem haum rau ntawm kab teeb tsa kab ntawv ntawm cov kauj ruam dhau los, tab sis 4-diode thiab 1 LED ua ke yuav tsum muaj diode-to-diode sib koom ua ke saum lub rooj tsavxwm. Cov LEDs siv los ua cov ntsuas ntsuas yog cov laus qis dua liab. Feem ntau lwm qhov tshiab LEDs liab uas tau sim ua haujlwm zoo ib yam, nrog qee qhov kev hloov pauv tsuas yog hais txog ntxiv lossis rho tawm 0.1V hauv lawv qib ua rau. Xim muaj qhov cuam tshuam: ntsuab ntsuab muab qib ua rau kwv yees li 0.2V siab dua li qhov sib piv liab. Ib qho dawb LED uas tsis muaj diodes hauv koob muab qhov tig-rau ntawm 2.8V. Teeb nyem LEDs tsis tsim nyog rau lub cav cav no. Qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm lub cav Easter yog qhov tig-tawm qhov hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau theem tig-los ntawm kev tso ib lossis ntau qhov diodes hauv ua ke nrog lub hauv paus ntawm Q2. Nrog ib qho 1N914 diode txuas nrog los ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm R4 thiab R5 mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm Q2, lub Circuit Court yuav tawm thaum qhov hluav taws xob poob mus rau ib puag ncig 1.9 lossis 2.0V. Nrog ob diodes, qhov hluav taws xob tua hluav taws xob ntsuas kwv yees li 2.5V; nrog peb diodes, nws tua ntawm 3.1V. Ntawm tus qauv kab txaij, cov diode lossis cov hlua diode tuaj yeem nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm jumper qhia saum toj no tus tiv thaiv R5; qhov piv txwv thib ob hauv qab no qhia txog ib qho diode D0 yog li teeb tsa. Nco ntsoov tias qhov kawg cathode yuav tsum mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm Q2. Yog li nws muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo siv lub cav Easter nrog lub cav uas tsis ua haujlwm zoo nyob ze qhov pib tig ntawm 1.3 lossis 1.4V. Lub hnub ci tshuab hauv cov khoom ua si SUV hauv cov duab tau ua kom tig ntawm 3.2V thiab tua ntawm 2.0V vim tias nyob hauv qhov hluav taws xob ntau lub cav muaj lub zog zoo.

Kauj Ruam 4: Capacitors, Motors, thiab Solar Cells

Lub ntsuas hluav taws xob uas siv hauv cov khoom ua si SUV zoo li qhov pom ntawm sab laug hauv qhov piv txwv hauv qab no. Nws yog tag nrho 1 Farad ntsuas rau siv txog li 5V. Rau kev ua haujlwm hnyav dua lossis luv lub cav khiav, lub tshuab hluav taws xob me me muab lub sijhawm luv luv thiab, tau kawg, ua haujlwm luv dua. Qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tau teev tseg ntawm lub capacitor yog qhov siab tshaj qhov hluav taws xob uas nws yuav tsum tau them; tshaj qhov ntsuas ntawd ua rau lub neej luv luv ntawm lub capacitor. Ntau lub super capacitors npaj tshwj xeeb rau kev khaws cia nco muaj kev tiv thaiv sab hauv siab dua thiab yog li tsis tso lawv lub zog nrawm txaus los tsav lub cav. Lub hnub ci tshuab xws li lub cav Easter zoo rau kev tsav lub cav uas muaj lub zog sab hauv zoo li ntawm 10 Ohms lossis ntau dua. Feem ntau ntau yam ntawm cov khoom ua si lub cev muaj qis dua kev tiv thaiv sab hauv (2 Ohms yog ib txwm muaj) thiab yog li yuav ntws tag nrho lub zog los ntawm lub peev xwm khaws cia ua ntej lub cav tuaj yeem mus tiag. Cov motors uas qhia hauv daim duab thib ob hauv qab no ua haujlwm tau zoo. Feem ntau lawv tuaj yeem nrhiav pom tias yog nyiaj seem lossis tshiab los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov cav uas tsim nyog kuj tseem tuaj yeem pom hauv cov kab xev kaw kaw lossis VCRs. Lawv feem ntau tuaj yeem raug xaiv raws li muaj txoj kab uas hla loj dua nws qhov ntev. Xaiv lub hnub ci lossis xov tooj ntawm tes uas yuav muab qhov hluav taws xob me ntsis siab dua qhov taw tes tig ntawm koj lub cav hauv qab qib teeb uas koj daim ntawv thov yuav pom. Qhov zoo nkauj tiag tiag ntawm lub tshuab hnub ci yog tias nws tuaj yeem sau cov qib qis uas pom tias tsis muaj zog thiab tom qab ntawd tso nws tawm hauv cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig. Lawv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum, los ntawm tsuas yog zaum ntawm lub rooj lossis rooj kas fes lossis txawm rau hauv pem teb, lawv mam li tshwm sim rau lub neej. Yog tias koj xav kom koj lub cav ua haujlwm sab hauv tsev, lossis nyob rau hnub tsaus ntuj, lossis hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo zoo li qhib, siv cov cell tsim rau siv sab hauv tsev. Cov hlwb no feem ntau yog cov amorphous nyias zaj duab xis ntawm iav ntau yam. Lawv muab lub zog noj qab haus huv nyob rau hauv qis lub teeb, thiab tam sim no sib xws rau qib kev pom kev thiab lawv qhov loj me. Lub laij lej hnub ci siv hom xov tooj ntawm tes no, thiab koj tuaj yeem siv lawv los ntawm cov qub (lossis tshiab!) Cov laij lej, tab sis lawv tau me me hnub no thiab yog li lawv cov zis tam sim no tsawg. Qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ntawm lub tshuab xam zauv yog los ntawm 1.5 txog 2.5 volts hauv lub teeb qis, thiab kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm ib nrab hnub ntxiv hauv lub hnub. Koj yuav xav tau ib tus lej ntawm lawv txuas nrog ua ntu zus. Hlau nplaum yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau txuas cov hlau zoo ua rau cov iav iav no. Qee lub hnub ci rov siv tau lub teeb nyem tseem ceeb muaj lub xov tooj ntawm tes loj uas ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv tsev nrog lub tshuab hnub ci. Lub sijhawm tam sim no, Duab SI Inc. nqa lub xov tooj tshiab sab hauv tsev ntawm qhov loj me uas haum rau kev tsav tsheb ncaj qha los ntawm ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Lawv "sab nraum zoov" hnub ci cell ntawm tib hom ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv tsev ib yam nkaus. Feem ntau muaj los ntawm ntau qhov chaw yog hom crystalline lossis polycrystalline ntawm lub hnub ci cell. Cov hom no tso tawm ntau qhov tam sim no hauv tshav ntuj, tab sis tshwj xeeb yog npaj rau lub neej nyob hauv lub hnub. Qee qhov ua tau zoo me ntsis hauv lub teeb qis, tab sis feem ntau yog qhov tsis zoo nyob hauv chav uas pom los ntawm flourescents.

Kauj Ruam 5: Kev Sib Txuas Sab Nraud

Txhawm rau ua qhov kev sib txuas los ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm hauv Circuit Court mus rau lub hnub ci ntawm tes thiab lub cev muaj zog, tus pin ntsawb qhov ntsaws los ntawm kab hauv kab yog yooj yim heev. Cov qhov nyob hauv tus pin tuaj yeem yooj yim tshem tawm los ntawm cov yas teeb uas lawv tuaj los ntawm kev siv ceev faj ntawm lub txiv mis. Cov tails tuaj yeem txiav tawm tom qab cov pins tau muab tso rau hauv lub rooj tsavxwm. Khoom 24 gage xaim ntsaws rau hauv qhov zoo thiab nyab xeeb, tab sis feem ntau sab nrauv txuas nrog ntawm kev hloov pauv tau yooj yim txuas txuas hlau. Tib lub qhov (socket) tuaj yeem muag tau mus rau qhov kawg ntawm cov xov hlau no los ua haujlwm me me "ntsaws" uas haum rau hauv lub qhov (socket) ntawm lub nkoj kom zoo nkauj. Cov rooj zaum hauv lub rooj kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ntim khoom tuaj yeem ntsaws tau. Nws tuaj yeem nce ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub qhov (socket), lossis nyob deb thiab txuas nrog ntawm cov hlau txuas txuas rau lub rooj tsavxwm. Qhov no ua rau nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau yooj yim thiab sim sib txawv capacitors kom txog thaum pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau daim ntawv thov thiab nws cov teeb pom kev nruab nrab. Tom qab pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm C1, nws tseem tuaj yeem siv tau tas mus li hauv qhov chaw, tab sis tsis tshua muaj qhov no tau pom tias tsim nyog yog siv cov qhov zoo zoo.

Kauj Ruam 6: Cov ntawv thov

Tej zaum qhov peb nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm lub cav Easter yog nyob rau hauv cov khoom ua si Jeepster SUV qhia hauv Kauj Ruam 3. Cov ntoo plywood hauv qab tau txiav kom haum rau lub cev, thiab lub log ua npuas loj tau ua los muab nws "Dab Log" zoo, tab sis ua haujlwm nws yog docile heev Hauv qab yog pom hauv daim duab hauv qab no. Cov qag tau teeb tsa kom lub tsheb khiav hauv lub voj voos nruj (vim tias peb muaj chav nyob me me) thiab teeb tsa lub log pem hauv ntej zoo heev pab nws ua raws txoj hauv kev xav tau. Lub tsheb ciav hlau iav tau coj los ntawm chav ua haujlwm hobby lub cev muaj zog qhia hauv daim duab tom ntej, tab sis nws tau teeb nrog 13 Ohm lub cev muaj zog. A 1 Farad super capacitor muab lub tsheb txog 10 vib nas this ntawm lub sijhawm khiav txhua lub voj voog, uas siv nws yuav luag tag nrho ib ncig ntawm 3 ko taw txoj kab uas hla lub voj voog. Nws yuav siv sijhawm ib pliag los them rau cov hnub uas pos huab lossis thaum lub tsheb tshwm sim nres hauv qhov tsaus ntuj. Txhua qhov chaw los ntawm 5 txog 15 feeb yog ib txwm muaj nyob nruab hnub hauv peb chav nyob. Yog tias nws pom lub hnub ci ncaj qha tuaj rau ntawm lub qhov rais, nws rov ua haujlwm li ntawm ob feeb. Nws taug kev ncig ib puag ncig ntawm chav tsev thiab tau nkag mus rau ntau qhov kev tawm tsam txij li tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 2004. Lwm qhov kev lom zem thov siv lub cav Easter yog "Walker", zoo li tus neeg hlau zoo li tus neeg uas waddles los ntawm txhais tes ob txhais tes, lossis theej, ob txhais ceg. Nws siv tib lub cav thiab cov tsheb ciav hlau teeb tsa ua Jeepster nrog tib 76: 1 piv. Ib ntawm nws ob txhais ceg yog lub hom phiaj luv dua lwm tus kom nws taug kev hauv ib lub voj voog. Walker tseem nqa lub teeb ntsais LED kom peb paub tias nws nyob qhov twg tom qab tsaus ntuj. Kev siv yooj yim rau lub tshuab hnub ci yog raws li tus chij waver lossis spinner. Ib qho uas tau qhia hauv daim duab 5 hauv qab no tuaj yeem zaum ntawm lub rooj lossis txee thiab txhua tam sim no thiab tom qab ntawd nws yuav dheev, thiab qhov tsis zoo, tig lub pob me ntsis nyob ib ncig ntawm txoj hlua thiaj li ua rau nws nyiam. Qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov kiv cua yooj yim no tau muaj lub suab nrov nrov nrov ntawm txoj hlua. Lwm tus muaj lub tswb nyob ruaj khov nyob ze kom nws yuav tau smacked los ntawm lub pob flailing - tab sis qhov ntawd yuav dhau los ua kev ntxhov siab tom qab ob peb hnub tshav ntuj!

Kauj Ruam 7: NPN Easter Cav

Lub cav Easter kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua tiav lossis 'ob' version, nrog ob lub NPN transistors thiab ib lub PNP. Cov txheej txheem ua tiav tau qhia hauv thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm no. Cov kab ntawv teeb tsa kab ntawv tuaj yeem muaj cov chaw sib koom ua ke thiab tib txoj kev txiav raws li thawj lossis 'PNP' version, qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tau hloov pauv hom transistor thiab thim rov qab polarity ntawm lub hnub ci ntawm tes, khaws lub peev xwm, diodes thiab LEDs. NPN daim kab xev teeb tsa tau qhia hauv kab lus thib ob thiab suav nrog ntxiv diode D4 rau qhov qhib hluav taws xob ntau dua, thiab diode D0 los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm transistor Q2 mus rau kev sib tshuam ntawm resistors R4 thiab R5 rau qhov siab dua qhov hluav taws xob zoo.