Killer PCBs: 12 Cov Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

2024 Tus sau: John Day | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-30 09:31

Cov lus qhia no qhia txog cov txheej txheem rau kev luam tawm cov laug cam nrog cov yam ntxwv me me li 0.005 haum rau LQFP lossis QFN ICs siv cov yeeb yaj kiab qhuav qhuav photoresist. Qhov no yuav tso cai rau koj los lis txog txhua yam kev sib xyaw ua ke muaj-txawm tias pob kab sib chaws! Cov duab yog cov laug cam nrog TSSOP-14, QFN-40 pob siv lub.65mm suab thiab xoom tso lub zog hloov pauv qhov ntsaws nrog.5mm suab.

Kauj ruam 1: Tom qab

Tom qab sim nrog tsev PCB fabbing ib pliag, Kuv thaum kawg tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem uas tsim cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam uas ua tau zoo zoo nkauj. Kuv siv sijhawm ntau los sim siv cov txheej txheem hloov pauv toner nrog qib sib txawv ntawm kev ua tiav (OK, sib txawv ntawm qhov ua tsis tiav yuav raug qhov tseeb). Kuv kuj tau sim Philmore/Datak cov duab tsis zoo tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tsuag nrog cov txiaj ntsig txaus ntshai tas li (cov khoom thaum kawg yaj cov tshuaj tsuag uas tuaj nrog nws thiab xau thoob plaws qhov chaw). Tsis Ntsuab & tsis pom zoo. Tam sim no kuv tuaj yeem yuav cov laug cam presensitized thiab txuag ntau qhov teeb meem, tab sis kuv pom cov khoom siv yuav kim heev rau qhov ntim ntawm cov laug cam kuv tab tom tsim. Thaum kawg kuv sim ua zaj duab xis qhuav yees duab tiv thiab kuv yuav tsis rov qab! Kuv yuav tsis mus rau hauv qhov nyuaj ntawm cov txheej txheem ntes, lossis kos npe vim tias cov ntsiab lus tau zoo los ntawm lwm cov lus qhia. Tsis muaj cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua kom tsis haum siv-tsuas yog cov hauv paus yooj yim uas tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig los ntawm kev lim cov khib nyiab thiab ua kom nruab nrab nrog HCl (saib cov lus qhia tsim khoom rau cov txheej txheem pov tseg kom raug). Cov txheej txheem no, thaum ua ke nrog Peroxide/Cupric Chloride etching txheej txheem tsim lub luag haujlwm ib puag ncig, Green PCB kev txhim kho txheej txheem. Yog hais tias koj tsis tau sim txoj kev hloov pauv toner, ua li ntawd. Tshwj tsis yog tias koj tau txais koob hmoov nrog cov tshuaj pleev xim zoo nkauj thiab/lossis ntawv, zaj duab xis qhuav tiv thaiv txoj hauv kev yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua, tab sis cov txheej txheem muaj feem cuam tshuam me ntsis. Yog tias koj txaus siab nrog cov txiaj ntsig hloov pauv toner, los ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev, lo nrog txoj kev ntawd. Ib puag ncig tus qauv ceeb toom siv: PCB etching thiab ua cov zaj duab xis qhuav koom nrog cov ntaub ntawv caustic-nco ntsoov siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab muaj qhov chaw ntxuav qhov muag kom zoo (lossis tsawg kawg ib lub thoob dej). Tsis tas li nco ntsoov tias zaj duab xis qhuav txhim kho thiab tshem tawm cuam tshuam nrog lub hauv paus ruaj khov-ua kom lawv nyob deb ntawm koj cov tshuaj lom neeg tshuaj lom, lossis lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov. MG Tshuaj 416DFR Qhuav Zaj Duab Zaj Tiv Thaiv Txog $ 20.00 rau 12 "los ntawm 5 ko taw ntawm Frys, Altex thiab online. MG tsis kam hais nqe ntau dua, thiab yuav tsis nthuav tawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm lawv cov yeeb yaj kiab.-Dupont Riston M115 muaj nyob ntawm Xav & Tinker Zoo heev tiv taus, kev lag luam ntau dua li MG yog tias koj xav tau ntau dua (12 "x50ft rau $ 96.75, 12" x100ft rau $ 116.26). Cov khaub ncaws zoo tshaj plaws, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, cov phooj ywg zoo thiab ntau cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Qhov chaw zoo heev! muag rau qee qhov tsawg dua li Xav & Tinker's Riston, tab sis nrog qhov tsawg kawg ntawm 500ft rooj plaub. Koj yuav tsum tau dab tsi- Laser Tshuab Luam Ntawv- Tsev/Chaw Ua Haujlwm Laminator- Laser Tshuab Luam Ntawv Transparencies- Txau Adhesive- Tsis Zoo Zaj Duab Zaj Qhuav Photo Resist-Resist Developer (sodium carbonate) - Tiv thaiv Stripper (sodi um hydroxide)- Cov Ntawv Iav- Daim Kab Xev- Kab Kab Daj Teeb- Lub Teeb Pom Kev Nyab Xeeb -Optional- Lub Tshuab Nqus Tsev lossis Lub Tshuab Nqus Tsev- Collimated UV Raug Qhov Chaw- Rotary paper trimmer- 21 kauj ruam Stouffer Sensitivity Guide for Calibration

Kauj ruam 2: Tsim Artwork

Kuv xav tias koj tau ntes koj cov tswv yim thiab tso koj li PCB hauv qee yam zoo li Eagle-yog tias koj tsis paub kuv tab tom tham txog dab tsi, koj yuav pib zoo dua los ntawm kev kawm schematic ntes, thiab PCB txheej txheem. Thaum koj tau txais PCB tso tawm, koj yuav tsum tsim daim npog ntsej muag tsis zoo. Daim npog ntsej muag tsis zoo yog pob tshab uas pom tseeb qhov twg koj xav tau tooj liab thiab dub qhov twg koj xav tshem tooj liab. Ib qho hint: yog tias koj ua tus cwj pwm ntawm sau koj cov txheej txheej PCB nrog hauv av lossis lub dav hlau dav hlau, koj yuav txuag tau ntau lub toner. Tsis tas li, nco ntsoov tias koj tuaj yeem nplais koj cov txheej txheem PCB hauv Eagle siv cov pab pawg daim ntawv xaj yog tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam nrog (txwv tsis pub nws yuav yws koj yuav tsum ua qhov no hauv cov qauv "). Kuv pom cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov xim hauv koj cov txiaj ntsig los ua qhov nyuaj xav tsis thoob, tab sis thaum kawg kuv tau txiav txim siab ntawm txoj hauv kev yooj yim yooj yim no siv qhov qhib qhov vector kos duab software Inkscape: 1. Nco ntsoov tias koj tau xaiv tsuas yog cov txheej tsim nyog rau kev kos (piv txwv li Sab saum toj/Hauv qab, Pads, Vias). 2. Siv Eagle txoj haujlwm luam tawm los tso rau hauv PDF ntawv. Txawm hais tias peb tab tom luam tawm ntawm cov pob tshab, koj tseem yuav xav tsom iav rau txheej saum toj kawg nkaus kom tso cov ntawv luam tawm ze rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm thiab tiv thaiv ntshav. koj tseem tsis tau muaj Inkscape teeb tsa, rub tawm nws thiab teeb tsa tam sim no. 4. Qhib PDF hauv Inkscape (lees txais qhov tsis ua tiav kev teeb tsa).5. ntxiv ib txheej. Npe nws xijpeem koj nyiam (Kuv hu kuv li "b").7. Nyem rau xub xub txav cov txheej tshiab mus rau hauv qab. 8. Xaiv cov duab plaub los ntawm lub cuab yeej pane.9. Txoj cai-nias qhov xim xim swatch nyob hauv qab ntawm qhov screen thiab xaiv Teeb stroke.10. Txoj cai-nias qhov xim xim swatch thiab xaiv Teeb sau.11. Nyem thiab rub kom kos ib lub duab plaub puag ncig koj lub rooj tsavxwm. 12. Xaiv cov cuab yeej xub, tom qab ntawd xaiv thiab rub txhua sab ntawm koj lub kaum plaub sab xis mus rau ntug ntawm koj lub rooj tsavxwm. Cov zaub yuav tsum saib zoo li no: 13. Txoj cai nyem qhov swatch dub nyob hauv qab ntawm qhov screen thiab xaiv Teeb Sau. Txoj cai nyem qhov swatch dub dua thiab xaiv Teeb mob stroke.14. Nyem rau lub cim qhov muag hauv cov txheej txheej txheej kom tua cov txheej b. 15. Nyem thiab luag los xaiv koj lub rooj tsavxwm (lossis nyem qhov xaiv txhua lub cim pom ntawm lub cuab yeej).16. Tsis pom zoo daim duab (Cov Ntawv Qhia Teeb Meem: Xim: Tsis Zoo) 17. Nyem qhov muag icon rau txheej b dua. Tam sim no koj yuav tsum muaj qee yam zoo li no: 18. Nyem Txuag-Raws li, tom qab ntawd hloov hom ntawv rau PDF ntawm Cairo, thiab txuas ntxiv _ tawm mus rau lub npe ntaub ntawv (piv txwv li test_out.pdf) kom tsis txhob sau dua qhov qub. 19. Nyem Txuag-Raws li rov khaws tseg raws li hom ntawv SVG.

Kauj Ruam 3: Ua kom pom tseeb

Qhov no yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis thiab. Qhov teeb meem yog tias feem ntau cov tshuab luam ntawv laser tsis ua qhov tsaus ntuj tiag tiag, yog li qee lub teeb ci dhau los ntawm thaj chaw dub. Kuv tau sim ntau txoj hauv kev los xaiv qhov ua kom lub ntsej muag tsaus dua: cov cim ziab qhuav, cov ntawv thwj cim, xim xaum xim, hluav ncaig, graphite, muag muag/cua sov + daim ntawv thov toner ntxiv, thiab lwm yam.. Tsis muaj nws ua haujlwm. Nov yog yam ua haujlwm tas li rau kuv:

1. Pib nrog cov duab me me-Kuv siv lub tshuab txiav ntawv tig los txiav cov ntawv pob tshab rau hauv ib nrab (4.25 x 5.5) 2-3 nplooj ntawv ib zaug. Cov duab me me zoo dua vim tias qhov cuam tshuam cuam tshuam txog tshav kub hauv cov khoom siv pob tshab yuav raug txo. 2. Qhib PDF los ntawm cov kauj ruam kawg nrog Adobe Reader, thiab luam tawm rau lub tshuab luam ntawv laser thauj khoom nrog koj cov ntawv txheeb tawm. Rau kuv lub tshuab luam ntawv (Tij Laug HL-5250DN) Kuv siv cov teeb tsa hauv qab no: Tus neeg siv txhais cov ntawv me me (4.25 x 5.5), tsis muaj duplex, phau ntawv pub, 1200 dpi, Qhov Tsawg Tshaj. Hint loj nyob ntawm no: Koj tuaj yeem muaj ntau daim qauv ntawm tib lub tshuab luam ntawv teeb tsa hauv Windows, yog li ntxiv lub tshuab luam ntawv tshiab hu ua PCB_Laser raws li theej tawm ntawm koj lub tshuab luam ntawv laser uas twb muaj lawm, tom qab ntawd nyem-nyem thiab hloov kho qhov tsis raug raws li xav tau rau PCB kev luam tawm pob tshab. 3. Luam daim duab saum toj thiab hauv qab. Tuav cov duab kos mus txog qhov pom kev: Koj puas pom ib lub teeb pom los ntawm thaj chaw dub? Yog tias koj cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam li kuv, koj yuav muaj dej txaus txaus los ua teeb meem nrog koj tiv thaiv. Nco ntsoov tias koj yuav tsum muaj qee qhov chaw dub loj dua kom txiav txim siab qhov toner ceev. Yog tias koj tau txais koob hmoov nrog lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws super, tom qab ntawd hla mus rau kauj ruam 8, txwv tsis pub, mus tom ntej thiab luam daim ntawv thib ob ntawm txhua qhov ntawm koj qhov sib xws. 4. Tom ntej no koj xav tau lub teeb rooj me me los kho cov duab. Qhov no tuaj yeem yooj yim ib yam li daim ntawv kaw ntawm lub qhov rais tshav ntuj, lossis lub tais ntiav uas muaj lub teeb hockey-puck-qhov loj los npog los ntawm ib daim ntawv thiab ib lub lauj kaub iav. Lub teeb pom kev rov qab los ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv ua rau lub teeb pom kev zoo. Tsuas yog luam theej duab hauv qhov pom kev/tsis pom zoo-yuav muaj feem nws yuav tso lub teeb pom kev rau ob peb feeb tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas tom qab ntawd tshem lub hau thiab ntxeev nws. Kev siv lub taub hau teeb tsa lub teeb pom kev zoo yuav pab ua kom haum koj cov duab. 5. Tom ntej no peb yuav sib koom ua ke ua kom pom kev pom zoo (2x sab saum toj, 2x hauv qab) txhawm rau ua kom lub toner nrawm dua. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nqa ib daim qauv ntawm txhua qhov pob tshab thiab siv tshuaj tsuag nplaum rau sab toner. Koj tuaj yeem qhia qhov twg yog qhov toner sab yog los ntawm kev soj ntsuam qhov pom ntawm lub teeb tawm ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov pom kev; lub toner zoo li npub ntawm sab toner. 6. Muab cov nplaum tsis lo lo lo lo lo lo ntxhuav-sab tso rau ntawm lub rooj teeb-koj yuav xav xoob cov kab xev ntawm cov ntawv no mus rau lub teeb pom kev (quav daim kab xev rau ntawm qhov kawg kom koj tuaj yeem yooj yim peal nws. tom qab). 7. Ua tib zoo ua ke (sau npe) cov nplaum-txheej txheej nrog cov txheej tsis muaj txheej. Thaum ua ke, nias khov kho kom ua raws ob daim ntawv. 8. Dhau cov ntawv sib dhos ua ke los ntawm lub laminator ntawm qhov chaw txias tshaj kom ruaj khov txheej txheej ua ke. 9. Teem sab saum toj thiab hauv qab kos duab (toner-sab hauv) thiab daim kab xev ruaj ntseg tawm hauv chav txaus kom swb PCB ntawm. Hloov pauv, yog tias koj muaj ciam teb uas tsawg kawg ib nti nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, koj tuaj yeem thov tshuaj tsuag nplaum rau 1/2 "kab txaij raws ob sab los ntawm npog lwm daim npog ntsej muag nrog lub ces kaum ntawm daim ntawv-tsuas yog nco ntsoov tsis pub tsawg tshaj 1/4 "nruab nrab ntawm cov nplaum nplaum thiab ntug ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm.

Kauj Ruam 4: Npaj Tooj-Clad

Ua tib zoo ntxuav cov khoom siv tooj liab nrog cov ntaub qhwv thiab cov tshuaj uas muaj cov tshuaj txhuam hniav (piv txwv li mos txhuam nrog w/Bleach). Xuab zeb nrog 320 lossis 400 cov ntawv ntub/qhuav ntawv los ua kom tawv tawv thiab ua kom ntseeg tau qhov ua tau zoo. Qhuav lub rooj tsavxwm kom ceev faj tsis txhob kov lub rooj tsavxwm yam tsis muaj hnab looj tes (txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev xa cov tawv nqaij mus rau lub rooj tsavxwm).

Kauj ruam 5: Laminate

Muaj ob peb yam sib txawv uas tuaj yeem ua rau laminating PCB. MG Cov Tshuaj Tshuaj qhia txog cov ntawv tais ceev tseg thiab txheej laminate. Lwm tus hais qhia siv cua sov lossis dej (lossis ob qho tib si) txhawm rau ua raws cov khoom tiv thaiv mus rau PCB ua ntej lamination. Kuv tau muaj hmoov zoo nrog txoj hauv kev no: 1. Ua kom koj thaj chaw ua haujlwm nyab xeeb: Qhib lub teeb pom kev thiab tua ib qho fluorescent, lossis> 40 Watt incandescents 2. Txiav cov khoom laminate 1/2 nti loj dua lub rooj tsavxwm (ob npaug) qhov ntev yog tias koj tab tom ua ob tog ob tog) 3. Ua tib zoo tev rov qab tsuas yog thawj ib nrab ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab sab hauv (ib txwm nyob sab hauv ntawm cov kab ntawv) 4. Ua tib zoo ua cov txheej txheem laminate kom ntseeg tau tias laminate npog lub rooj tsavxwm kom tiav ntawm ob sab (yog ob tog). 5. Nias thawj ib nrab ntiv tes ntawm laminate nthuav tawm rau lub rooj tsavxwm. 6. Ua tib zoo rub cov txheej sab hauv uas nyob hauv qab ib nrab ntiv tes rau ib lub sijhawm, thaum tib lub sijhawm nias lub laminate raug rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Ceev faj tsis txhob qhia ib qho ntxaum. Txuas ntxiv mus rau sab nraub qaum ib yam yog tias tsim nyog. 8. Dhau lub rooj tsavxwm los ntawm lub tshuab laminator (ib zaug lub laminator tag nrho mus txog qhov kub). Tig dua thiab hla dhau lub laminator dua.

Kauj Ruam 6: Qhia tawm

Muab cov laminated PCB tso rau ntawm daim ntawv sau ua ntej thiab daim kab xev kom ruaj khov. Daim kab xev Stouffer 21-kauj ruam rhiab qhia dhau qhov qhib ntu ntawm PCB yog tias koj npaj yuav ntsuas ntsuas koj li txheej txheem. Koj xav kom nias cov duab kos kom nruj rau PCB kom tiv thaiv lub teeb los ntawm kev xau hauv qab koj cov kab. Koj tuaj yeem ua qhov no nrog ob daim iav, lossis zoo dua, koj tuaj yeem siv lub tshuab nqus tsev, lossis lub tshuab nqus tsev. Koj tuaj yeem tso qhov kev sib dhos no nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci ci txog 5-8 feeb ntawm ib sab, lossis siv lwm qhov UV qhov chaw ntawm koj xaiv. Nco ntsoov tias, txawm hais tias nruj me ntsis ntawm PCB & kos duab, sib sau ua ke (ua lub teeb pom kev zoo ib yam) yog qhov tseem ceeb kom ua tiav cov cim zoo-xa mus rau ntawm no rau cov lus qhia rau kev tsim cov khoom sib txuas UV teeb.

Kauj ruam 7: Tsim

Ua raws li cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus qhia rau kev npaj tsim cov tshuaj (feem ntau yog Sodium Carbonate lossis Potassium Carbonate) thiab txhim kho koj lub rooj tsavxwm (txhim kho tshem tawm tsis tiv thaiv kom pom UV).

Kauj ruam 8: Etch

Siv qhov koj nyiam tshaj plaws-tsuas yog xyuas kom koj muab qee qhov kev xav rau yav tom ntej pov tseg thiab txiav txim siab txheej txheem ntsuab xws li Peroxide/Cupric Chloride etching txheej txheem (nws yog lus ntsuab, ib yam nkaus). Thiab, yog tias koj xav khawb rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg koom nrog, nplooj ntawv no yog rau koj.

Kauj ruam 9: Sawb

Koj yuav xav tau sodium hydroxide (NaOH) rau qhov no-qhov no yog cov khoom uas Brad Pitt siv los hlawv Edward Norton txhais tes hauv Fight Club nws yaj cov rog, thiab koj cov tawv nqaij muaj roj ntau, yog li ceev faj. Txheeb xyuas cov tsev siv tshuaj lom neeg hauv zos-Kuv muaj hmoo: kuv tus neeg nyob sib ze ua tshuaj xab npum, yog li kuv tsuas yog nthuav tawm thiab nug seb kuv puas tuaj yeem qiv ib khob dej qab zib!

Kauj Ruam 10: Daim npog ntsej muag & Daim Npav Txhob lo lo ntxhuav

Thov daim npog qhov ncauj los ntawm kev txhuam thiab rov ua dua txheej txheem txheej nrog txheej txheej tshiab ntawm kev tawm tsam, tom qab ntawd tshem cov zaj duab xis tiv thaiv sab nrauv thiab siv txheej thib ob ntawm qhov tiv thaiv kom ob npaug tuab. Tam sim no nthuav tawm nrog nres thiab silkscreen txheej thiab tsim raws li ua ntej (kev nthuav tawm yuav siv sijhawm ntev me ntsis vim qhov tuab ntxiv ntawm kev tawm tsam). Ci hauv lub toaster ntawm 200-220 degrees F txog li 10 feeb (nco ntsoov txhawb nqa lub rooj tsavxwm kom cov tiv thaiv yuav tsis lo rau lub toaster). Tshem lub rooj tsavxwm los ntawm lub toaster thiab siv cov xaum xim dawb los sau cov ntawv silkscreen thaum lub rooj tsavxwm tseem sov. So ib qho xim xaum ntau tshaj tawm nrog phuam thiab siv tus pas txhuam hniav tshem tawm cov ciab ntau dhau los ntawm cov kab thiab kab.

Kauj Ruam 11: Solder Paste Stencil

Yog tias koj tau txais qhov no deb, koj yuav tsum tau rub ob peb hmo lig thiab siv ntau cov dej haus carbonated (thiab caffeinated) haus. Yog tias yog, lob ib qho ntawm cov kaus poom dej qab zib thiab txiav sab saum toj thiab hauv qab tawm nrog ob txhais tes txiab lossis lub teeb txiab. Sim txiav nws kom huv si yam tsis muaj cov npoo npoo. Tom ntej no txiav qhov ntev kom tsim ib txoj hlua ntawm txhuas txog 8 "los ntawm 4". Cov kab no yuav ntxhib heev, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem "khoov" nws yam tsis ua pob txuv. Rau cov theem hauv qab no, koj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov curl, lossis koj tuaj yeem txhuam cov hlau los ntawm cua sov nws hauv qhov cub toaster txog li 450 degrees F ces cia nws txias rov qab. Tom ntej no koj yuav tsum xuab zeb sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm cov poom nrog 220 txog 320 grit ntub dej/qhuav ntawv kom tshem cov xim (nco ntsoov tias muaj xim meej nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub raj mis-txwv tsis pub cov dej qab zib yuav noj los ntawm nws). Koj tuaj yeem siv qee qhov hnyav ua haujlwm pleev xim rau qhov no, tab sis cov ntawv xuab zeb zoo li ntsuab dua. Thaum koj tau txais tag nrho cov xim tawm, txhuam zoo nrog SoftScrub nrog Bleach kom tshem tawm txhua qhov kab ntawm cov roj. Tom ntej laminate photoresist ntawm ob sab ib yam li koj tau ua nrog PCB. Ua koj daim duab siv txheej tcream ib yam li koj tau ua dhau los, tab sis tsis txhob ua qhov tsis zoo lub sijhawm no-qhov muag ntawm Eagle twb tsis zoo lawm! Nco ntsoov ua ob lub ntsej muag ib qho rau sab pem hauv ntej thiab sab nraub qaum (thiab nco ntsoov tsom iav pem hauv ntej kom lub toner yuav raug rau qhov tiv thaiv). Tsim raws li ua ntej thiab cim hauv diluted HCl. Kuv diluted HCl txog li 50% (ncuav cov kua qaub rau hauv dej, tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev ib puag ncig). Etching yuav pib maj mam txog thaum txheej txheej oxide tau raug tshem tawm, tom qab ntawd ua kom nrawm dua. Tsis txhob kos nrawm dhau, lossis lub rooj tsavxwm yuav sov thiab qhov kev tawm tsam yuav los. Yog tias koj tawm tsam qhov chaw koj yuav muaj ~ 5 mil stencil, lossis koj tuaj yeem hle qhov tawm tsam kom tau txais ~ 2 mil stencil-tab sis ceev faj, NaOH yuav tawm tsam txhuas nrog tsuas yog ua siab ntev me ntsis dua li HCl (nyob ntawm qhov ntau). Tom ntej no siv koj cov laug cam tsis ua tiav (koj yuav tsum muaj ob peb ntawm cov no los ntawm tam sim no) txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhuam. Thov siv cov tshuaj txhuam txhuam nrog cov xim pleev xim, lossis zoo ib yam, tso koj qhov chaw, thiab ua kom rov zoo li qub â ¦

Kauj Ruam 12: Rov ua dua

Cov khoom yooj yim zoo nkauj ntawm no: Thaum tshav kub kub kom txog thaum muab tshuaj txhuam yaj, tom qab ntawd txias. Nco ntsoov siv tooj liab los yog txhuas phaj kom haum kom sov sov thoob lub rooj tsavxwm. Thaum tag nrho cov tshuaj yaj yaj coj cov phaj hlau tawm ntawm lub phaj kub, thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub rhaub dej kub kom coj qhov kub rov qab los sai sai-cov chaw tso tsheb hauv tsev ua haujlwm tau zoo-tsuas yog xyuas kom koj siv lub qhov cub me me (tab sis tsis txhob ci ncuav qab zib) nrog lawv tom qab â € ¦). Tej zaum koj yuav tsum tau ntxuav qee qhov txuas txuas tom qab rov ua dua. Rau qhov no, tsuas yog siv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab ntau qhov ntws tawm (Kuv nyiam Txiv Kab Ntxwv Zuaj). Siv lub zog thiab tua nws! BTW, Kuv ua yuam kev ua rau lub siab kub dhau ntawm thawj lub rooj tsavxwm thiab tau txais cov xim zoo nkauj gradient xim rau ntawm daim npog qhov muag raws li qhov tshwm sim (saib cov duab qhia tawm). Kuv xav tias cov khoom tseem nyob hauv qhov tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuv tsis muaj lub tshuab cua sov zoo nyob hauv nws lub sijhawm, yog li kuv tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias qhov kev sojntsuam tau nyeem tib lub sijhawm uas lub rooj tsavxwm tau pom. Pawg thawj coj saib zoo li tam sim no txawm hais tias ell ellWell uas yog-yooj yim eh? Nco ntsoov saib rau kuv lub vev xaib tom ntej IncoherentLabs.com. Tam sim no muaj kev lom zem thiab mus cawm lub ntiaj teb!