Raspberry Pi Laser Security System: 13 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

2024 Tus sau: John Day | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-30 09:29

Ua tsaug rau kev tshuaj xyuas kuv cov lus qhia. Txog qhov kawg ntawm cov lus qhia no koj yuav tsim lub raspberry pi laser tripwire system nrog email ceeb toom ua haujlwm uas tau qhia hauv video.

Txhawm rau ua kom tiav cov lus qhia no koj yuav tsum tau paub txog kev siv hluav taws xob dav dav thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, paub siv lub khob cij, thiab nyiam siv lub davhlau ya nyob twg ntawm pi. Muaj kev paub txog nab hab sej yuav pab tau ib yam nkaus.

Txoj haujlwm no suav nrog peb lub hauv paus tseem ceeb. Raspberry pi, lub laser tripwire Circuit, thiab saib lub computer. Peb lub hom phiaj yog siv lub raspberry pi txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub laser tripwire Circuit, thiab tom qab ntawd ceeb toom lub computer saib hauv daim ntawv ntawm email thiab video kwj.

Cia peb pib.

Kauj Ruam 1: Hloov Cov Khoom Uas Yuav Tsum Tau Ua

Txhawm rau ua tiav txoj haujlwm no koj yuav xav tau cov khoom hauv qab no.

1. Tsawg kawg ib txoj haujlwm Raspberry Pi. Hauv qhov kev tsim no kuv siv tus qauv B style Pi khiav raspbian hawb pob. Kuv paub tseeb tias qhov kev qhia no yuav ua haujlwm zoo yog tias koj tab tom khiav raspbian jessie.
2. Ib lub zog sab nraud rau raspberry pi. Peb yuav kos tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm amperage thaum txhua qhov no tau teeb tsa. Kuv siv sijhawm ntau los tshuaj xyuas lub zog hluav taws xob uas tsis zoo raws li kuv qhov teeb meem thaum kuv tsim thawj zaug. Nco ntsoov tias koj muaj lub zog nqaij muaj peev xwm tsim tau yam tsawg 2 amps.
3. Ib tug cheapo laser pointer. Kuv pom kuv ib sab ntawm daim ntawv sau nyiaj ntsuab ntawm qhov chaw muag roj. Yog tias koj xav tau lub laser tseeb koj tuaj yeem pom nws ntawm no. Daim ntawv lo hais tias 630-680 nm rau lub nthwv dej. Qhov twg laser koj tau txais yuav txiav txim siab qee yam ntawm lwm yam hauv kev tsim. Yog li ua kom ntseeg tau tias nws daim ntawv cim qhia nws lub nthwv dej.
4. Ib tug usb style webcam. Lub vev xaib no muaj lub ko taw kho tau uas tso cai rau koj tso lub koob yees duab kom zoo. Kuv pom tias usb cable uas tuaj nrog lub vev xaib tau luv heev rau kuv daim ntawv thov yog li kuv pom qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej.

5. Qee yam khoom tawg ntawm cov khoom siv rau raspberry pi yog li koj tuaj yeem nkag tau yooj yim rau cov pins ntawm tus txheej txheem.

   

   

6. Ib daim ntawv qhia zaub mov.
7. Ib qho hlau txuas.
8. Jumper xov hlau rau lub khob cij.

9. Cheeb Tsam Cheeb Tsam. Sib npaug los ntawm tus lej ntawm cov xov tooj uas koj xav tau.

   • Ib txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm
   • Ib qho 100 ohm resistor
   • Ib qho 1k resistor
   • Ib 10k resistor
   • Ib 200k resistor Tiag tiag txhua qhov loj resistor yuav ua. Kuv sim nws nrog 1M resistor thiab nws ua haujlwm tau zoo. FYI 10k yog me me heev.
   • Ib lub PNP transistor PN: 2N4403-APCT-ND
   • Ib qho photodiode (phim qhov no rau koj lub laser ntais) PN: PDB-C142-ND

Kuv yuav xa cov ntaub ntawv kicad rau pawg thawj coj saib tab sis yuav tsis hla kev tsim khoom ntawm pawg thawj coj hauv cov lus qhia no.

Thoob plaws hauv chav kawm ntawm txoj haujlwm no kuv pom cov cuab yeej hauv qab no los ua ke:

1. Txhim kho synergy ntawm raspberry pi. Yog tias koj tsis paub, qhov software no yuav tso cai rau koj los tswj cov raspberry pi tus nas thiab keyboard nrog lwm lub khoos phis tawj. Nov yog qhov zoo yog tias koj zoo li kuv thiab nyiam nyob ntawm lub khoos phis tawj sib txawv. Tsis tas li qhov no yog software uas txhua tus yuav tsum muaj.
2. Ib hub usb. Rau txhua lub webcam koj xav siv koj yuav xav tau ib qho chaw nres nkoj.
3. Voltage meter lossis oscilloscope yog tias koj muaj.
4. Siv MobaXterm los tswj cov raspberry pi thiab tswj cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ssh. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum muaj rau txhua tus neeg tsa ntawm lub qhov rais. Saib cov ntawv qhia no kom teeb tsa los siv nws.

Kauj ruam 2: Tau Pi Up thiab Khiav

Pi nrog cov khoom siv tsawg tshaj plaws txuas nrog

Ua ntej peb tuaj yeem tua cov lasers, muaj ntau txheej txheej ntawm software uas yuav tsum tau tsim. Kom muaj txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj ntawm txoj kev vam meej nws yog qhov ua tau zoo los pib nrog cov slate huv. Txhawm rau ua qhov no tshem tawm ib yam khoom tsis tsim nyog los ntawm Pi. Qhov no yuav txo qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom siv txuas.

Tom ntej no, xyuas kom tseeb tias koj Raspberry Pi tau nce thiab ua haujlwm nrog software tshiab kawg los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv qab no hauv lub davhlau ya nyob twg

sudo apt-tau hloov tshiab

Nrog raspberry pi txog hnub nws yog lub sijhawm rau cov kauj ruam tom ntej

Kauj Ruam 3: Tsim kom muaj Laser Tshawb Pom Circuit

Muab cov khoom tso rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia zaub mov raws li qhia. Fais fab lub khob cij siv 5v tso tawm ntawm tus pi lossis lub rooj zaum saum lub zog. Hauv daim duab 1 5v cov khoom siv tau txuas nrog txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau zoo nyob hauv qab sab laug ntawm daim duab, thiab hauv av mus rau sab saud. Cov kab hluav taws xob no siv cov photodiode raws li hloov pauv los ua kom lub transistor. Tus transistor hloov pauv qhov hloov pauv me me hauv photodiode mus rau lub teeb liab me me uas tus pi tuaj yeem nyeem tau. Rau tag nrho cov kauj ruam tom ntej, lub ntsiab lus ntawm 100ohm thiab teeb liab coj yuav yog qhov uas peb ua piv txwv ntawm Circuit nrog tus pi.

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  Daim duab 1: Circuit board breadboard txheej saum toj

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  Daim duab 2: Circuit board breadboard teeb pom kev hloov pauv

Yog tias koj xav tau kev saib kom huv kuv txuas cov ntaub ntawv kicad rau pawg thawj coj uas tau qhia hauv qab no.

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  Daim duab 3: Sensor board saib sab saum toj

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  Daim duab 4: Sensor board ISO

Kauj Ruam 4: Hloov kho Laser rau Lub Hwj Huam Sab Nraud

Hauv cov theem hauv qab no koj yuav tsim lub laser pointer sib dhos.

- Disassemble lub laser pointer. Thaum ua li ntawd, nco ntsoov qhov taw qhia ntawm lub roj teeb txuas nrog kev hwm rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob laser. Tam sim no thaum lub hwj chim muab rau lub laser nws yuav tig rau qhov siv tau.- Tam sim no muab qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo coj mus rau lub laser. Yog tias koj siv tib lub laser los ntawm cov npe khoom koj tuaj yeem siv daim duab hauv qab no kom pom cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov laug. Yog tias koj tsis yog, koj yuav tsum nrhiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm koj tus kheej. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus qhia roj teeb ua qhov taw qhia rau qhov ua tau zoo lossis tsis zoo. Txhawm rau nrhiav qhov taw tes zaum kawg koj tuaj yeem siv lub zog 5v thiab sojntsuam qhov Circuit nrog ob qhov kev ntsuas coj. Thaum koj tau tsim txoj cai tsim nyog, koj tau pom cov kab laug sab, thiab lub laser yuav ci.

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  Cov kab xev txiv kab ntxwv tab tom hloov lub laub ib pliag

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  Qhia qhov ua tau zoo thiab tsis zoo

- Cov kauj ruam kawg yog ua kom muaj kev taw qhia ncaj qha rau lub laser yog li nws tuaj yeem hloov kho kom yooj yim rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub laser txais. Kuv tau pom tias feem ntau cov khoom siv lego bionicle yog qhov khoom siv tau zoo rau pob pheej yig hauv cov pob qij txha. Kuaj ib daim ntawm pob sib koom ua ke rau lub laser pointer siv cov kua nplaum super. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem txhim kho lub qhov (socket) sib koom rau txhua qhov chaw thiab ntsaws lub laser rau hauv.

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  Pob sib koom

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  Qhov (socket) sib koom ua ke

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  Pob thiab lub qhov rooj sib dhos

Kauj Ruam 5: Hwj Chim Li Laser thiab Xeem Tshawb Xyuas Circuit

Txuas lub laser rau hauv koj daim ntawv qhia zaub mov. Qhov zoo yuav tsum tau txuas nrog 5v thiab hauv av xaim tsis zoo. Yog tias lub tshuab hluav taws xob tig tau zoo, yog tias tsis yog, xyuas ob zaug koj muaj qhov tsim nyog qhov hluav taws xob nrog lub ntsuas hluav taws xob. Yog tias nws tseem tsis ua haujlwm sim sib pauv cov coj hauv rooj plaub koj txuas nws rov qab. Yog tias nws tseem tsis ua haujlwm koj yuav tsis tau siv cov ntaub qhwv zoo, rov qab mus rau theem kawg.

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  Ua haujlwm laser nrog lub teeb pom kev zoo

Thaum koj muaj lub teeb ci laser nws yog lub sijhawm los ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob. Tsom lub laser ntawm lub photodiode. LED yuav tsum tua qhov taw qhia tias lub nqaj tau ua haujlwm. Yoj tes koj hla lub nqaj thiab LED yuav tsum qhib lub cim qhia kev mus.

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  Beam tsis tawg thiab cov coj tawm

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  Intruder tsoo lub nqaj ua rau cov coj kom pom kev

Kauj Ruam 6: Txuas Koj Lub Vev Xaib thiab Xeem Nws Txoj Haujlwm

Txuas koj lub vev xaib mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj usb. Txhawm rau tshaj tawm cov vis dis aus peb yuav tsum tau txais cov khoom siv mjpg-streamer. Nov yog cov lus qhia zoo txog yuav ua li cas. Thaum koj tau nruab mjpg-streamer kom raug. Pib streaming video los ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov lus txib hauv qab no rau hauv lub davhlau ya nyob twg.

cd /qhov twg koj tau teeb tsa mjpg-streamer /mjpg-streamer

./mjpg_streamer -i "./input_uvc.so -y/dev/video0" -o "./output_http.so -w./www -p 8081"

Cov lus txib no yuav teeb tsa tus kwj ntawm chaw nres nkoj 8081 siv qhov video0 qhov chaw. Yog tias koj xav tau ntau lub webcams nkag mus rau cov lus txib saum toj no dua tab sis hloov video0 rau video1 thiab 8081 txog 8082. Kuv tau tshaj tawm txog 3 lub webcams li no thiab tus pi tsis raug thauj khoom ntau.

Kuaj tias qhov kev sib txuas ua haujlwm los ntawm kev qhib browser ntawm lwm lub khoos phis tawj thiab nkag mus rau ip-address-of-pi: 8081 lossis ntawm pi koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau localhost: 8081. Yog tias koj tsis paub koj tus ip ntawm pi sau cov hauv qab no hauv lub davhlau ya nyob twg

ifconfig

Yog tias txhua yam ua haujlwm koj yuav tsum pom lub vev xaib mpg-streamer. Nyem rau ntawm kwj tab kom pom koj lub webcam kwj. Hauv qab no yog qhov screenshot ntawm lub interface.

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  mjpg-streamer qauv tso tawm

Ua qhov kev qhia no rau zaum thib ob kuv tuaj yeem nkag mus rau mjpg-streamer home page tab sis tsis pom kwj deg. Txhawm rau kho qhov no kuv nyeem kab ntawv no (txuas tam sim no tawg), tshwj xeeb ib feem txog YUYV pixel hom ntawv, yog tias koj ntsib cov kwj deg dawb koj yuav tsum sab laj nrog nws ib yam.

Kauj Ruam 7: Kev cuam tshuam

Okay, yog li ntawm qhov no peb yuav tsum muaj peb raspberry pi nce thiab khiav. Peb lub laser tau hloov kho rau lub zog sab nraud. Peb qhov kev tshawb nrhiav pom tau tsim thiab koj tau lees paub tias thaum lub teeb ci laser tsoo lub photodiode lub teeb tig tawm thiab thaum koj tsoo lub nqaj coj yuav tsum qhib. Thaum kawg koj yuav tsum muaj koj lub vev xaib txuas nrog thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Tam sim no nws yog lub sijhawm los muab txhua yam ua ke. Cia peb pib tawm yooj yim los ntawm kev sim txhawm rau txhawm rau pom lub teeb ci laser hla nrog software.

Nqa qhov ntsuas pom mus rau lub khob cij raws li qhia. Nco ntsoov tias koj txuas lub sensor teeb liab xaim rau tus pin 25 hauv kev npaj rau qib tom ntej. Qhov rub tawm tus tiv thaiv tsis yog xaiv tau. Kuv muaj 10k tso ib puag ncig, tab sis ib tus neeg tawm tsam yuav tsum ua.

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  Breadboard layout nrog PiCobler

Kauj Ruam 8: Saib Xyuas Laser Nrog Software

Cia peb sau ib txoj haujlwm luv los mloog lub teeb liab laser thiab tshaj tawm cov khoom ntawd mus rau lub davhlau ya nyob twg. Koj tuaj yeem rub tawm cov cai raws li txuas nrog.

Tej zaum koj yuav xav tau teeb tsa kev vam khom rau tsab ntawv no. Nab hab sej thiab gpio module. Txhawm rau nruab cov no nkag mus

sudo apt-tau nruab python-rpi.gpio python3-rpi.gpio

Thaum koj tau ua tiav kev txhim kho nab hab sej, rub cov ntawv txuas ua nab hab sej hu ua read_pin.py thiab khiav

cd /cov npe uas koj tso cov ntawv /chmod 777 read_pin.py

Chmod hais kom ua yuav tso cai rau tsab ntawv kom khiav. Tom qab ntawv sim tias txhua yam zoo thiab dandy los ntawm kev khiav

sudo python3 read_pin.py

Yog tias txhua yam mus zoo koj yuav tsum pom lub console tso tawm raws li qhia hauv qab no. Txhawm rau tawm tsab ntawv nab nab nkag

Ctrl-C kev

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  Kho Kom raug qhov tso tawm (pom siv MobaXterm)

Tuav koj txhais tes ua ntej ntawm lub nqaj laser thiab koj yuav tsum pom qee qhov tso tawm ntawm lub console ceeb toom rau koj tias lub nqaj tau tawg lawm. Xav tias dawb ua si ib puag ncig nrog tsab ntawv kom ua rau koj lub cev ua haujlwm sib txawv.

Kauj Ruam 9: Tsim Lub Vev Xaib los Qhia Koj Cov Kwj

Tam sim no peb yuav tsum teeb tsa lub webcam saib interface. Rau cov kauj ruam no koj yuav tsum teeb tsa apache web server. Muaj ntau ntau cov kev qhia tawm ntawm kev teeb tsa ib qho. Tab sis ntawm no yog cov npe luv nrog kev teeb tsa tsawg.

sudo apt-tau nruab apache2

ib zaug teeb tsa koj yuav tsum tuaj yeem ntaus koj tus browser ntawm raspberry pi

localhost

Koj yuav tsum pom nplooj ntawv txais tos los ntawm apache. Yog tias qhov no yog koj thawj zaug teeb tsa lub web server koj yuav zaum xav teeb tsa koj tus pi kom muaj tus IP zoo li qub kom koj lub router ib txwm muab tus ip kom raug yog tias koj ua lub zog txuas. Yog tias koj xav pom koj li kev ruaj ntseg system los ntawm lwm qhov chaw koj yuav tsum teeb tsa chaw nres nkoj xa mus rau ntawm koj lub router. Nws tau ib ntus tab sis kuv kuj xav tias koj yuav xav tau xa cov chaw nres nkoj uas muaj lub vev xaib rau lawv ib yam. Muaj ntau ntau cov kev qhia tawm uas npog cov txheej txheem no. Nco ntsoov tias txhua tus tuaj yeem pom koj lub vev xaib yog tias koj xaiv teeb tsa chaw nres nkoj xa mus rau ntawm koj lub router.

Cov ntawv txuas nrog yog cov nplooj ntawv web nplooj ntawv uas koj tuaj yeem siv los teeb tsa koj lub vev xaib. Koj yuav tsum tau hloov cov ntawv txuas ntxiv ntawm cov ntawv html vim tias lawv tsis pub kuv tso nws. Tom ntej tso cov ntaub ntawv hauv koj phau ntawv teev npe www tawm hauv koj cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa apache. Qhov chaw nyob yog

cd /ua /www

Yog tias koj xav hloov qhov chaw uas lub vev xaib saib rau koj cov ntaub ntawv html koj tuaj yeem hloov kho koj lub vev xaib qhib cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev nkag mus

sudo nano/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default

Hloov ib qho piv txwv ntawm/var/www/rau qhov chaw koj xav tau. Kuv muab kuv tso rau hauv/tsev/pi/Desktop/www/

Thaum koj muaj cov ntaub ntawv html hauv lub vev xaib nkag mus rau localhost hauv qhov browser lossis tus IP chaw nyob ntawm pi los ntawm lwm lub khoos phis tawj. Koj yuav tsum pom qee yam zoo li no.

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  Screenshot ntawm cov ntawv txuas hauv kev ua haujlwm

SWEEEEET!

Kauj Ruam 10: Teeb Email Ceeb Toom

Yam zoo tshwm sim! Cia peb nias peb hmoov los ntawm kev sim xa email ceeb toom los ntawm pi mus rau qhov chaw nyob email uas tau npaj ua ntej. Cov ntawv nab nab uas txuas nrog yuav tsim koj tus email uas koj xav xa, txuas nrog tus muab kev pabcuam email xws li gmail, thiab xa email siv tus muab email. Qhov no tau ua tiav siv pob smtp ntawm nab hab sej. Kuv qhia koj ua tus dummy email chaw nyob tsuas yog rau koj kev ruaj ntseg raws li peb yuav tau txo qis kev nyab xeeb ntawm koj li gmail account txhawm rau kom pob smtp ua haujlwm.

Koj yuav tau hloov kho tsab ntawv hauv ntau qhov chaw txhawm rau kom tau txais kev sib kis tau zoo. Nws tau tawm tswv yim hnyav thiab yuav tsim ntau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub davhlau ya nyob twg rau koj qhov yooj yim.

Yam uas koj yuav tau hloov yuav yog

• koj_ip = "192.168.0.177"
• your_ip_optional_port = ": 8080"
• port_to_camera = ": 8081"
• xa_email_username = "koj email username"
• xa_email_password = "koj tus password"

your_ip_optional_port feem ntau yuav tsis muaj dab tsi tshwj tsis yog koj lub server apache tab tom khiav ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj uas tsis yog qhov qub 80. Kuv twb muaj server ua haujlwm ntawm 80 yog li kuv teeb kuv tus pi khiav ntawm 8080. Port_to_camera yuav yog qhov chaw nres nkoj koj qhia koj lub koob yees duab rau khiav ntawm kev siv mjpeg streamer.

Thaum koj tau hloov cov kev hloov pauv no thaum pib ntawm tsab ntawv khiav qhov program los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv qab no hauv lub davhlau ya nyob twg.

cd /nplaub tshev qhov twg koj tso tsab ntawv /

sudo python3 xa_mail.py

Yog tias cov hnub qub tau ua kom raug thiab txhua qhov kev hloov pauv raug koj yuav tsum tau txais email zoo ib yam li hauv qab no.

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  Screenshot ntawm cov ntawv txuas hauv kev ua haujlwm

Muaj ntau qhov chaw uas tsab ntawv no tuaj yeem ua tsis tau. Tsis txhob poob siab yog tias nws tsis ua haujlwm thawj zaug. Siv cov ntsiab lus debugging hauv tsab ntawv kom nqes qhov teeb meem thiab tom qab ntawd tsom mus rau ib qho teeb meem ib zaug.

Kauj Ruam 11: Ua Email Tsab Ntawv Thaum Laser Txiav

Tam sim no tus pi muaj peev xwm xa email, cia peb siv nws kom txhua lub sijhawm lub tshuab laser hla peb tau txais email. Rub tawm cov ntawv txuas uas yog hloov kho version ntawm read_pin.py uas cuam tshuam nrog txoj haujlwm tshiab los sau cov ntawv xa. Cov kab tseem ceeb ntxiv yog cov hauv qab no

sm_pid = os.spawnlp (os. P_NOWAIT, "/usr/bin/python3", "python3", "/home/pi/Desktop/security/send_mail.py")

Kab ntawv no yuav tshaj tawm tsab ntawv xa ntawv ua ke nrog tsab ntawv laser pom kev. Qhov no yog qhov xav tau vim hais tias kev xa ntawv tsab ntawv yuav siv sijhawm ob peb feeb los ua kom tiav thiab yuav thaiv cov ntawv laser txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm kom txog thaum email tau xa. Qhov no tsis yog teeb meem rau ib lub koob yees duab ib leeg, tab sis yog tias koj muaj ntau lub koob yees duab koj yuav xav kom pom lub laser mus ncig ntawm lub koob yees duab 1 txawm tias lub koob yees duab 2 tau ua rau muaj email tshwm sim. Qhov sib txawv sm_pid yuav muaj pid ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tau pib los ntawm cov lus txib no. Peb tshawb xyuas tus lej no yog tias tus email ua rau rov hu dua yog tias nws muaj email tseem xa tuaj yog li peb tsis quav ntsej qhov xwm txheej. Yog tias nws tsis muaj qhov no yuav yog qhov xwm txheej tshiab thiab xa email.

Kuaj txhua yam ua haujlwm los ntawm kev khiav

cd /cov npe uas koj tso cov ntawv /

chmod 777 read_pin_with_mail.py

sudo python3 read_pin_with_mail.py

Thaum koj tsoo lub nqaj laser koj yuav tsum tau txais email nrog cov duab coj los ntawm lub vev xaib.

Kauj Ruam 12: Tsim Master Script los Pib Ua Haujlwm

Hauv qhov no, txoj haujlwm feem ntau ua tiav. Ib kauj ruam kawg yog ua kom yooj yim pib ntawm cov kab ke nrog ib tsab ntawv kawg. Nws yuav tshaj tawm txhua qhov program ຍ່ອຍ thiab teeb tsa lub vev xaib nrog ib tsab ntawv. Cov ntawv txuas tuaj yeem pib thaum pib los ntawm kev kho koj cov ntaub ntawv /etc/rc.local. Koj yuav tsum hloov pauv cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv thiab tej zaum yuav tau kho cov ntawv kom suav nrog txoj hauv kev yog tias koj tso koj cov ntawv sau rau lwm qhov chaw.

Kauj Ruam 13: Xaus

Zoo uas yog nws. Kuv vam tias koj nyiam qhov kev qhia no! Qhia rau kuv paub hauv cov lus yog tias koj muaj lus nug lossis xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxiv hauv txhua qhov chaw. Khaws tinkering!

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