Kev Tsim Tus Kheej Tus Kheej Arduino: 8 Kauj Ruam

2024 Tus sau: John Day | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-30 09:26

Los ntawm kev tsim koj tus kheej Arduino-Board koj yuav kawm paub txog qee yam khoom siv tshiab thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, suav nrog qee cov ncauj lus zoo xws li kev siv hluav taws xob, lub sijhawm siv hluav taws xob thiab kev siv ATmega IC (Circuit Court Integrated).

Nws yuav pab koj yav tom ntej nrog kev tsim koj tus kheej cov phiaj xwm xws li chaw nres tsheb huab cua, kev tiv thaiv tsev tsis siv neeg thiab lwm yam.

Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm tus kheej-ua Arduino yog tias nws muaj kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab ua kom ntseeg tau tias txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntev rau ntawm lub roj teeb.

Tsis tas li ntawd koj tuaj yeem nthuav lub rooj tsavxwm los ntawm kev ntxiv cov chaw digital lossis analog nthuav lossis qee qhov kev sib txuas lus.

Khoom siv

Kho vajtse

Txhawm rau tsim qhov tsawg tshaj plaws Arduino, koj yuav xav tau cov khoom siv hauv qab no:

1x ATmega328P-PU microcontroller nrog Arduino bootloader

1x 7805 linear voltage regulator (5v tso zis, 35v max input)

1x breadboard (Kuv siv 830 tus lej pin)

Ntau yam txuas xov hlau

1x16 MHz siv lead ua oscillator

1x 28 pin ic socket

1x 1 μF, 25 V electrolytic capacitor

1x 100 μF, 25 V electrolytic capacitor

2x 22 pF, 50 V ceramic capacitors

2x 100 nF, 50 V ceramic capacitors

2x 330 Ohms resistors (R1 thiab R2)

1x 10 kOhm resistor (R3)

2x LEDs ntawm koj xaiv (LED1 thiab LED2)

1x laub khawm

Yeem 2x 6-pin header thiab 3x 8-pin header

1x PP3-hom roj teeb snap

1x9 V PP3-hom roj teeb

1x FTDI Programming adapter

Kauj Ruam 1: 7805 Tawm Tawm Cov Hluav Taws Xob Tawm Tawm

Ib txoj kab hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob muaj cov hluav taws xob yooj yim uas hloov pauv ib qho hluav taws xob mus rau lwm qhov. Tus tswj hwm 7805 tuaj yeem hloov qhov hluav taws xob nruab nrab ntawm 7 thiab 30 volts mus rau qhov ruaj khov 5 volts, nrog rau tam sim no txog 1 amp, uas yog zoo meej rau peb Arduino-board.

Peb yuav pib nrog tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj 7805 tus tswj hluav taws xob hauv TO-220 daim ntawv thiab ob lub capacitors nrog 100 μF txhua.

Thaum koj tab tom saib pem hauv ntej ntawm 7805 nti - tus pin ntawm sab laug yog rau qhov hluav taws xob nkag, tus pin nruab nrab txuas rau GND thiab tus pin sab xis yog 5 V tso tawm txuas. Kuv xav kom tso lub dab dej sov, vim tias thaum lub vojvoog rub mus txog qhov siab tshaj ntawm 1 amp tam sim no 7805 nti yuav nyob ntsiag to kub (koj tuaj yeem hlawv koj cov ntiv tes thaum koj kov nws).

Muab 100 μF capacitor nruab nrab ntawm IN ntawm tus tswj hwm thiab hauv av thiab a100 μF capacitor ntawm txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau ncaj nruab nrab ntawm lub zog thiab hauv av. Koj yuav tsum tau ceev faj - lub tshuab hluav taws xob electrolytic yog polarized (cov nyiaj txaij ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua rau txhais ceg hauv av) thiab yuav tsum tau muab tso raws nraim raws li cov txheej txheem.

Ntxiv lub zog thiab cov xov hlau hauv av rau qhov uas koj tus tswj hwm qhov hluav taws xob yuav nyob, txuas ib txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau nyob nruab nrab thiab ntawm sab xis ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Ua li no peb muaj 5 Volt fais fab mov los ntawm sab saum toj thiab hauv qab txoj kab ntawm lub khob cij. Ib qho ntxiv peb yuav suav nrog lub LED liab uas tau taws thaum lub zog qhib, hauv qhov no peb tuaj yeem pom ib txwm thaum peb lub rooj tsav xwm tau siv.

LED yog lub diode thiab nws tsuas tso cai rau hluav taws xob tam sim no ntws hauv ib qho kev taw qhia. Cov hluav taws xob yuav tsum ntws mus rau hauv cov ceg ntev thiab tawm ntawm ceg luv. LEDs cathode kuj muaj ib sab flattened me ntsis, uas sib haum nrog luv luv, tsis zoo txhais ceg ntawm LED.

Peb lub Circuit Court muaj lub hwj chim 5 volts thiab lub teeb liab liab tau ntsuas ib puag ncig 1.5 - 2 volts. Yuav kom txo qhov hluav taws xob peb yuav tsum txuas tus tiv thaiv kab hauv nrog LED txwv cov nqi hluav taws xob ntws los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm LED. Qee qhov hluav taws xob yuav siv los ntawm tus tiv thaiv thiab tsuas yog qhov sib faib tsim nyog ntawm nws tau siv thoob plaws LED. Ntxig tus tiv thaiv nruab nrab ntawm cov ceg luv ntawm LED thiab kab uas muaj cov xaim dub nyob sab xis ntawm lub nti (GND).

Cov xov hlau liab thiab dub nyob rau sab laug ntawm tus tswj qhov hluav taws xob yog qhov uas koj lub zog yuav raug ntsaws. Cov hlau liab yog rau POWER thiab cov xaim dub yog rau hauv av (GND).

NCO TSEG: Koj tsuas tuaj yeem txuas lub hwj chim uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm 7-16V. Ib qho qis dua thiab koj yuav tsis tau 5V tawm ntawm koj tus tswj hwm, thiab qhov siab dua 17 V yuav ua rau koj nti. Lub roj teeb 9V, 9V DC lub zog xa khoom, lossis 12V DC lub zog siv hluav taws xob tsim nyog.

Thiab rau qee qhov kev hloov pauv yav tom ntej koj tuaj yeem tso tus tswj hluav taws xob nrog qhov hloov pauv tau. Txoj hauv kev no koj tuaj yeem ntxiv qee qhov 3.3 V lub ntsuas hluav taws xob rau hauv pawg thawj coj lossis txhawb lub zog 9 V DC.

Xav paub ntau ntxiv txog cov ntsuas hluav taws xob tawm -

www.instructables.com/id/Introduction-to-Linear-Voltage-Regulators

Kauj Ruam 2: ATmega328P-PU Microcontroller

Txhawm rau tsim Arduino ntawm lub khob cij koj xav tau ATmega328P-PU microcontroller uas yog lub hlwb ntawm peb tus kheej ua Arduino-board. Muab nws raws li qhia hauv kab lus thiab ua tib zoo - ob txhais ceg tuaj yeem tawg yog tias koj yuam lawv, lossis koj tuaj yeem siv 28 tus pin IC ntsawb. IC yuav tsum tau muab tso nrog lub hli zoo li txiav mus rau sab laug ntawm daim ntawv qhia zaub mov (tus lej cim tau suav los ntawm 1 txog 28 thooj txhij)

NCO TSEG: Tsis yog txhua ATmega IC muaj Arduino bootloader (software uas tso cai rau nws los txhais cov duab kos rau Arduino). Thaum nrhiav microcontroller rau koj tus kheej ua Arduino, nco ntsoov xaiv ib qho uas twb muaj bootloader lawm.

Nov yog me ntsis ntawm microcontroller txoj kev xav

Lub microcontroller yog lub khoos phis tawj me me nrog lub tshuab ua haujlwm uas ua raws cov lus qhia. Nws muaj ntau hom kev nco los khaws cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov lus qhia los ntawm peb qhov program (kos duab); ATmega328P-PU muaj peb hom kev nco: 32kB ISP (hauv-txheej txheem txheej txheem) nyem lub cim xeeb uas cov duab tau khaws cia, 1kB EEPROM (hluav taws xob tshem tawm cov programmable nyeem tau nkaus xwb) rau kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv mus sij hawm ntev thiab 2kB SRAM (zoo li qub random-access memory)) rau khaws cia cov kev hloov pauv thaum kos duab ua haujlwm.

NCO TSEG: Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias cov ntaub ntawv hauv flash nco thiab EEPROM khaws cia thaum lub zog rau lub microcontroller raug tshem tawm.

Lub microcontroller muaj 13 lub hom phiaj dav dav siv tswv yim/tso tawm (GPIO) kab thiab rau 10-ntsis (qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0 thiab 1023) sib piv rau cov hloov pauv digital (ADC) GPIO kab los hloov qhov hluav taws xob ntawm tus pin rau tus lej digital. Muaj peb lub sijhawm nrog ob lub sijhawm 8-ntsis nrog tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm 0 thiab 255, thiab ib lub sijhawm 16-ntsis timer nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0 thiab 65535, uas tau siv los ntawm kev ncua () ua haujlwm hauv cov duab kos lossis los ntawm kev ntsuas dav dav (PWM).

Muaj tsib txoj hauv kev xaiv cov qauv txuag hluav taws xob thiab lub microcontroller ua haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm 1.8V thiab 5.5V. Koj tuaj yeem siv daim duab ua qhov siv rau tus pin teeb tsa ntawm ATmega328P-PU.

Muaj peb pawg ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj: PB, PC, thiab PD nrog 8, 7, thiab 8 pins feem, ntxiv rau ob qhov av (GND) tus pin, 5V tus pin (VCC) nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (AVCC), thiab cov piv txwv siv hluav taws xob (AREF)) tus pin rau analog-rau-digital hloov pauv (ADC).

Kauj Ruam 3: ATmega328P-PU Kev Sib Txuas

Tom qab tso IC, txuas tus pin 7, 20, thiab 21 ntawm ATmega mus rau txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau zoo ntawm lub khob cij, thiab tus pin 8 thiab 23 rau txoj kab tsis zoo, siv cov hlua txuas los txuas qhov zoo thiab GND fais fab ntsia ntawm ob sab ntawm board, raws li qhia hauv Daim Duab.

Pin 7 - Vcc - Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob

Pin 8 - GND

Pin 22 - GND

Tus Pin 21 - AREF - Tus lej siv sib piv rau ADC

Pin 20 - AVcc - Muab qhov hluav taws xob rau ADC hloov pauv. Yuav tsum tau txuas nrog lub zog yog tias ADC tsis raug siv raws li hauv peb qhov piv txwv. Yog tias koj xav siv nws yav tom ntej ces nws yuav tsum tau siv lub tshuab lim qis (kom txo suab nrov).

Tom qab qhov ntawd qee qhov kaum-txoj hauv kev tus pin header-nws yuav zoo ib yam li Arduino GPIOs.

Kauj ruam 4: Pib dua Khawm

Ntxiv qhov hloov pauv me me kom koj tuaj yeem rov pib dua Arduino thiab npaj cov nti rau rub tawm qhov haujlwm tshiab. Kev ceev nrawm ib ntus ntawm qhov kev hloov no yuav rov pib dua lub nti.

Peb yuav ntxig lub khawm rov pib dua hauv peb lub Circuit Court raws li qhia hauv daim duab, thaum peb nias nws qhov hluav taws xob yuav luv mus rau GND hla dhau 1kOhm resistor thiab txuas ATmega Pin 1 mus rau GND. Tom qab ntawd, ntxiv xaim los ntawm sab laug sab laug ntawm qhov hloov mus rau RESET tus pin ntawm ATmega nti thiab xaim los ntawm sab saum toj sab ceg ntawm qhov hloov mus rau hauv av.

Ib qho ntxiv, ntxiv 10 k Ohm rub-up resistor rau +5V los ntawm RESET tus pin txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub nti los ntawm kev rov pib dua nws tus kheej thaum ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj. Tus tiv thaiv kab mob no yuav txuas nrog lub hwj chim 5 volt, 'rub tawm' Pin 1 txog 5 volts. Thiab thaum koj txuas Pin 1 rau 0V yam tsis muaj tus tiv thaiv, lub nti yuav rov pib dua. Ntawm qhov rov pib dua microcontroller saib rau qhov haujlwm tshiab tau muab tso rau (ntawm lub zog-yog tias tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab raug xa, nws ua haujlwm kawg qhov program xa).

Tus tiv thaiv muaj plaub xim kab txaij. Nyeem Xim av = 1, Dub = 0, Txiv kab ntxwv = 3 muab peb tus lej 103. Kev tiv thaiv hauv Ohms pib '10' nrog 3 zeroes tom qab - 10, 000 Ohms lossis 10 kilo Ohms, thiab cov kab txaij kub yog qhov ua siab ntev (5 %)).

Txhawm rau txhim kho peb cov Circuit - peb tuaj yeem tso 'decoupling' capacitor`. Muab 100 nF (nano Farad) ceramic capacitor. Nws yog daim ntawv me me nrog ob lub xov hlau nrog '104 cim' thiab hom capacitor no tsis muaj qhov sib txawv thiab tuaj yeem tso rau hauv ib qho kev qhia.

Qhov 'decoupling' capacitor smoothes hluav taws xob me me, yog li lub teeb liab rov pib dua xa mus rau Pin 1 yog ntseeg tau pom tau zoo. Tus lej 104 qhia txog nws lub peev xwm hauv pico Farad hauv kev sau cim txuj ci. Daim duab kawg '4' qhia peb pes tsawg tus xoom ntxiv. Lub peev xwm pib '10' thiab tom qab ntawd txuas ntxiv nrog 4 zeroes - 100, 000 pico Farads, thiab txij li 1000 pico Farads yog 1 nano Farads, muaj 100 nano Farads (104).

Ntxig lub capacitor nruab nrab ntawm sab laug sab saum toj ntawm lub nti (tus pin 1, tig rov qab los ntawm ib nrab hli hli)

Kauj Ruam 5: Crystal Oscillator

Tam sim no peb yuav ua lub moos rau IC. Nws yog 16 Mhz quartz thiab ob lub capacitors ceramic 22pF (piko Farad) txhua. Tus siv lead ua oscillator tsim lub teeb liab hluav taws xob nrog qhov raug qhov tseeb. Hauv qhov no, qhov zaus yog 16 MHz, uas txhais tau tias microcontroller tuaj yeem ua tiav 16 lab tus txheej txheem txheej txheem ib thib ob.

16 MHz siv lead ua (daim duab) tso cai rau Arduino los xam lub sijhawm, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua haujlwm kom ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Ob txhais ceg quartz yog ob qho tib si - koj tsis tuaj yeem xaim nws rov qab. Txuas ib txhais ceg ntawm tus siv lead ua rau tus pin 9 ntawm ATmega nti, thiab lwm ceg rau tus pin 10. Txuas ob txhais ceg ntawm ib qho ntawm 22 pF disc capacitors rau tus pin 9 thiab GND, thiab lwm yam disc capacitor rau tus pin 10 thiab GND, raws li pom hauv daim duab.

Nco tseg: disc capacitors tsis yog polarized thiab tuaj yeem tso rau hauv txhua txoj kev.

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog hais, tias cov xov hlau ntev ntawm 22pF cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum sib npaug hauv qhov ntev thiab yuav tsum nyob ze li sai tau rau tus tswj kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau lwm qhov hauv Circuit Court.

Kauj Ruam 6: Ntxiv LED rau Tus Pin 13

Tam sim no peb yuav ntxiv ntsuab LED (tus lej digital 13 ntawm Arduino).

Ntxig ib lub LEDs ntev mus rau kab hauv qab kab liab (ntawm sab xis ntawm lub nti - lub zog, lossis 5 Volts) thiab cov ceg luv hauv thawj kab khoob hauv qab lub microcontroller.

Qhov 330 Ohm resistor txuas nrog ua ntu nrog LED, txwv cov nqi hluav taws xob ntws los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm LEDs.

Ntxig tus tiv thaiv nruab nrab ntawm cov ceg luv ntawm LED, thiab kab uas muaj cov xaim dub nyob sab xis ntawm lub nti (GND lossis 0Volts)

Txhua qhov sib piv, digital, thiab lwm yam pins muaj nyob ntawm Arduino board ib txwm muaj nyob hauv peb daim ntawv qhia zaub mov. Koj tuaj yeem siv ATmega schematic thiab pin table ua qhov siv.

Kauj Ruam 7: USB rau Cov Txuas Txuas

ATmega 328P-PU microcontroller muab peb hom kev sib txuas lus: ib qho program tuaj yeem siv tau USART (siv tau thoob ntiaj teb synchronous thiab asynchronous receiver-transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) qhov chaw nres nkoj, thiab ob-kab txuas txuas. USART siv cov ntaub ntawv bytes thiab xa cov khoom ib tus zuj zus, uas yuav tsum tau xa (TX) thiab tau txais (RX) kab kev sib txuas lus. SPI siv plaub txoj kab kev sib txuas lus: tus tswv tawm qhev-hauv (MOSI), tus tswv-hauv qhev-tawm (MISO) thiab lub moos txuas (SCK) nrog cais qhev xaiv (SS) kab rau txhua lub cuab yeej. I2C kev sib txuas lus Ob Tus Xov Tooj Sib Txuas (TWI) npav siv ob txoj kab teeb liab: cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm (SDA) thiab lub moos txuas (SCL).

Txhawm rau txuas peb pawg thawj coj saib mus rau PC nrog Arduino IDE txhawm rau rub tawm daim duab, peb yuav siv USB txuas rau UART txuas nrog xws li FT232R FTDI.

Thaum yuav khoom siv FTDI cable xyuas kom tseeb tias nws yog 5 V qauv, vim tias 3.3 V qauv yuav tsis ua haujlwm zoo. Cov kab no (pom hauv daim duab) muaj USB ntsaws rau ntawm ib kawg thiab lub qhov (socket) nrog rau rau xaim ntawm lwm qhov.

Thaum koj txuas lub cable, nco ntsoov tias sab ntawm lub qhov (socket) nrog cov xaim dub txuas rau GND tus pin ntawm lub khob cij lub taub hau tus pin. Thaum cov kab txuas tau txuas nrog, nws tseem muab lub zog rau hauv Circuit Court, ib yam li ib txwm Arduino board yuav ua.

Tom qab ntawd peb yuav txuas peb FTDI nrog peb tus kheej tsim Arduino-board; rau kev siv koj tuaj yeem siv lub rooj thiab cov phiaj xwm.

Ib qho 0.1μF electrolytic capacitor txuas nrog DTR (Cov Ntaub Ntawv Dav Hlau Npaj) tus pin ntawm USB mus rau ntu UART interface thiab microcontroller Reset, uas rov pib dua microcontroller los ua ke nrog USB mus rau qhov txuas.

NCO TSEG: Oneclever ib feem yog microcontroller RX tus pin yuav tsum txuas nrog TX ntawm USB rau Serial adapter thiab zoo ib yam nrog TX ntawm ib lub cuab yeej rau RX ntawm lwm qhov.

CTS (Clear to Send) tus pin ntawm USB mus rau serial UART interface tsis txuas nrog lub microcontroller.

Txhawm rau rub tawm cov duab kos rau lub microcontroller hauv Arduino IDE los ntawm Cov Cuab Yeej ➤ Chaw nres nkoj ntawv xaiv qhov kev sib txuas lus cuam tshuam (COM) chaw nres nkoj thiab los ntawm Cov Cuab Yeej ➤ Pawg ntawv qhia zaub mov xaiv Arduino/Genuino Uno. Cov duab kos tau muab tso ua ke hauv Arduino IDE thiab tom qab ntawd thauj mus rau lub microcontroller nrog USB mus rau serial UART interface. Thaum cov duab kos tau rub tawm, ntsuab thiab liab LEDs ntawm USB-rau-serial UART interface TXD thiab RXD flicker.

USB rau serial UART interface tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm thiab lub zog 5V txuas nrog lub microcontroller. Ib qho LED thiab 220kΩ resistor txuas nrog lub microcontroller tus pin 19, sib npaug rau Arduino tus pin 13, kom khiav qhov muag ntsais muag.

Kauj Ruam 8: Upload Sketch lossis Txhim Kho Bootloader

Yog tias koj tsis muaj USB rau hloov pauv cov lej-koj tuaj yeem siv lwm Arduino (hauv kuv qhov xwm txheej Arduino UNO) txhawm rau rub cov duab kos lossis bootloader rau ntawm tus kheej-ua pawg.

ATmega238P-PU microcontrollers xav tau bootloader rau rub tawm thiab khiav cov duab kos los ntawm Arduino IDE; thaum lub zog siv rau lub microcontroller lub bootloader txiav txim siab yog tias daim duab tshiab tau muab tso rau, thiab tom qab ntawd thauj cov duab kos rau hauv lub microcontroller nco. Yog tias koj muaj ATmega328P-PU tsis muaj lub bootloader, tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem tso lub bootloader siv SPI kev sib txuas lus ntawm ob lub rooj.

Nov yog qhov koj upload bootloader rau ATmega IC.

Ua ntej peb pib nrog teeb tsa peb Arduino UNO ua ISP, qhov no ua tiav vim tias koj xav kom Arduino UNO xa cov duab kos mus rau ATmega IC thiab tsis yog nws tus kheej.

Kauj Ruam 1: Kho peb Arduino UNO ua ISP

Tsis txhob txuas ATmega IC thaum cov ntawv xa hauv qab no tau khiav.

• Txuas lub arduino rau lub PC
• Qhib arduino IDE
• Xaiv lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib tsim nyog (Cov Cuab Yeej> Pawg Thawj Coj> Arduino UNO) thiab COM Port (Cov Cuab Yeej> Chaw Nres Nkoj> COM?)
• Qhib> Piv txwv> ArduinoISP
• Rub tawm Sketch

Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem txuas koj lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib mus rau Arduino UNO los ntawm kev ua raws cov lus qhia hauv kab lus. Nyob rau theem no tsis tas yuav tsum muaj lub hwj chim muab rau koj tus kheej li Arduino yuav muab lub zog tsim nyog.

Kauj Ruam 2: Tshaj Tawm Cov Duab Sketch lossis Bootloader

Nrog txhua yam txuas nrog qhib IDE los ntawm daim nplaub tshev uas koj nyuam qhuav tsim (the copy).

• Xaiv Arduino328 los ntawm Cov Cuab Yeej> Pawg Thawj Coj
• Xaiv Arduino ua ISP los ntawm Cov Cuab Yeej> Programmer
• Xaiv Hlawv Bootloader

Tom qab ua tiav kev hlawv koj yuav tau txais "Ua kom hlawv bootloader".

Tam sim no lub bootloader tau thauj mus rau lub microcontroller, uas tau npaj kom tau txais cov duab tom qab hloov chaw COM chaw nres nkoj hauv Cov Cuab Yeej ➤ Chaw nres nkoj ntawv qhia zaub mov.