Ua Haujlwm Geiger Counter W/ Yam Tsawg Tshaj: 4 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

2024 Tus sau: John Day | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-30 09:25

Nov yog, rau kuv qhov kev paub, qhov yooj yim ua haujlwm Geiger txee uas koj tuaj yeem tsim. Qhov no yog siv lub raj hluav taws xob Russia ua SMB-20 Geiger raj, tsav los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob theem hluav taws xob hluav taws xob raug nyiag los ntawm hluav taws xob ya mus. Nws kuaj pom cov kab mob beta thiab cov duab gamma, tso tawm nyem rau txhua qhov xov tooj cua uas muaj hluav taws xob lossis hluav taws xob gamma tawg nws pom. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom hauv cov vis dis aus saum toj no, nws nyem txhua ob peb vib nas this los ntawm cov hluav taws xob tom qab, tab sis tiag tiag los rau lub neej thaum cov hluav taws xob tawg xws li iav uranium, thorium teeb lub teeb mantles, lossis americium nyees khawm los ntawm cov pa luam yeeb tau coj los ze. Kuv ua lub txee no los pab kuv txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas kuv xav tau los sau kuv cov khoom sau, thiab nws ua haujlwm tau zoo! Tsuas yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub txee no yog tias nws tsis nrov nrov, thiab nws tsis suav thiab tso tawm cov hluav taws xob uas nws tau ntsuas hauv suav ib feeb. Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias koj tsis tau txais cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tsuas yog lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob raws li qhov nyem qhov koj hnov.

Thaum muaj ntau yam khoom siv Geiger cov khoom muaj nyob hauv net, koj tuaj yeem tsim koj tus kheej los ntawm kos yog tias koj muaj cov khoom siv raug. Cia peb pib!

Kauj Ruam 1: Geiger Counters thiab Radiation: Nws Ua Li Cas Txhua Yam

Geiger txee (lossis Geiger-Müller txee) yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm Hans Geiger thiab Walther Müller xyoo 1928. Niaj hnub no, tsuas yog hais txog txhua tus neeg paub txog cov suab nyem nws ua thaum nws pom qee yam, feem ntau suav tias yog "suab" ntawm hluav taws xob. Lub plawv ntawm lub cuab yeej yog Geiger-Müller raj, cov hlau lossis iav lub tog raj kheej uas muaj cov inert gasses tuav hauv qab lub siab. Sab hauv lub raj yog ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob, ib qho yog tuav ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm hluav taws xob (feem ntau 400-600 volts) thaum lwm qhov txuas nrog hluav taws xob hauv av. Nrog lub raj nyob hauv lub xeev so, tsis muaj qhov tam sim no tuaj yeem dhia qhov sib txawv ntawm ob qhov hluav taws xob sab hauv lub raj, thiab yog li tsis muaj cov dej ntws tam sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nkag mus rau hauv lub raj, xws li beta particle, cov particle ionizes cov pa hauv lub raj, ua rau nws ua tau zoo thiab tso cai rau tam sim no dhia ntawm cov hluav taws xob rau ib ntus. Qhov luv luv tam sim no ntws ua rau ntu ntu ntawm lub Circuit Court, uas tawm suab "nyem". Kev nyem ntau dua txhais tau tias muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua. Ntau tus Geiger cov neeg suav kuj tseem muaj peev xwm suav tus lej thiab suav suav ib feeb, lossis CPM, thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub xov tooj lossis nyeem tawm.

Cia peb saib ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Geiger txee lwm txoj hauv kev. Tus thawj xibfwb tseem ceeb ntawm Geiger lub txee ua haujlwm yog Geiger raj, thiab nws teeb tsa qhov hluav taws xob siab ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob li cas. Qhov hluav taws xob siab no zoo li lub roob nqes hav npog hauv cov daus sib sib zog nqus, thiab txhua yam nws siv yog lub zog hluav taws xob me me (zoo ib yam li tus neeg caij ski nce mus rau qhov nqes hav) kom tshem tawm avalanche. Lub avalanche txuas ntxiv nqa nrog nws lub zog ntau dua li cov khoom nws tus kheej, lub zog txaus yuav raug kuaj los ntawm tus so ntawm Geiger txee Circuit.

Txij li nws yuav yog ib pliag txij li peb coob tus zaum hauv chav kawm thiab kawm paub txog hluav taws xob, ntawm no yog kho tshiab sai.

Teeb Meem thiab Tus Qauv ntawm Atom

Txhua qhov teeb meem yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me hu ua atoms. Atoms lawv tus kheej tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me, xws li protons, neutrons, thiab electrons. Protons thiab neutrons tau sib sau ua ke hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub atom - ntu no hu ua nucleus. Electrons orbit lub nucleus.

Protons tau hais txog qhov zoo, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob raug them tsis zoo, thiab cov neutron tsis muaj nqi thiab yog li ntawd yog nruab nrab, yog li lawv lub npe. Hauv lub xeev nruab nrab, txhua lub atom muaj tus lej sib npaug ntawm cov protons thiab electrons. Vim hais tias protons thiab electrons nqa cov nqi sib npaug tab sis cov nqi sib txawv, qhov no ua rau atom tsis muaj nuj nqi nruab nrab. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tus naj npawb ntawm protons thiab electrons hauv ib lub atom tsis sib npaug, lub atom dhau los ua cov khoom me me hu ua ion. Geiger cov neeg suav tuaj yeem kuaj pom hluav taws xob ionizing, ib hom hluav taws xob uas muaj peev xwm hloov pauv qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab mus rau hauv ions. Peb hom sib txawv ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob yog Alpha hais, Beta hais, thiab Gamma rays.

Alpha Particles

Ib qho alpha particle muaj ob lub neutrons thiab ob lub protons sib koom ua ke, thiab yog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov nucleus ntawm helium atom. Cov khoom me me tau tsim thaum nws yooj yim tawg ntawm lub atomic nucleus thiab ya mus. Vim tias nws tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo them lub tshuab hluav taws xob kom tshem tawm qhov kev them nyiaj zoo ntawm ob lub protons, ib qho alpha particle yog qhov muaj nuj nqi zoo, hu ua ion. Alpha hais yog ib hom ntawm cov hluav taws xob ionizing, vim tias lawv muaj peev xwm nyiag hluav taws xob los ntawm lawv ib puag ncig, thiab ua li ntawd hloov pauv cov atoms uas lawv nyiag los rau hauv ions lawv tus kheej. Hauv kev txhaj tshuaj siab, qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj. Alpha cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov kab mob tawg ua rau qeeb qeeb, qhov loj me me, thiab vim tias lawv cov nqi tsis tuaj yeem hla dhau lwm yam yooj yim. Cov khoom me me thaum kawg khaws ob peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob los ntawm ib puag ncig, thiab hauv kev ua li ntawd dhau los ua qhov raug cai helium raug cai. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas yuav luag txhua lub ntiaj teb cov helium tau tsim.

Beta Particles

Ib feem me me ntawm beta yog ib qho hluav taws xob lossis positron. Lub positron zoo li hluav taws xob, tab sis nws nqa tus nqi zoo. Beta-rho tawm me me (electrons) raug tso tawm thaum lub neutron tawg mus rau hauv proton, thiab Beta-ntxiv cov ntsiab lus (positrons) raug tso tawm thaum lub proton tawg mus rau hauv neutron.

Gamma Rays

Gamma rays yog lub zog loj photons. Gamma rays nyob hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob, dhau ntawm qhov pom pom thiab ultraviolet. Lawv muaj lub zog nkag siab siab, thiab lawv lub peev xwm los ionize los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv tuaj yeem tsoo cov hluav taws xob tawm ntawm lub atom.

Lub raj SMB-20, uas peb yuav siv rau qhov kev tsim no, yog cov raj ua los ntawm Lavxias. Nws muaj cov tawv nqaij tawv uas ua raws li qhov tsis zoo electrode, thaum cov hlau hlau ua haujlwm ntev dhau los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub raj ua haujlwm zoo li cov hluav taws xob zoo. Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau pom cov pa hluav taws xob lossis cov duab gamma, cov khoom ntawd lossis cov duab hluav taws xob ua ntej yuav tsum nkag mus rau cov tawv nqaij tawv ntawm lub raj. Feem ntau cov Alpha tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov no, vim tias lawv feem ntau raug nres los ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub raj. Lwm lub Geiger raj uas tau tsim los txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov khoom no feem ntau muaj lub qhov rai tshwj xeeb, hu ua Alpha window, uas tso cai rau cov khoom no nkag mus rau hauv lub raj. Lub qhov rais feem ntau yog ua los ntawm txheej txheej nyias nyias ntawm mica, thiab Geiger raj yuav tsum ze heev rau Alpha qhov chaw txhawm rau khaws cov khoom ua ntej lawv nqus los ntawm huab cua ib puag ncig. * Sigh* Yog li ntawd txaus txog hluav taws xob, cia peb los tsim qhov no.

Kauj Ruam 2: Sau Koj Cov Cuab Yeej & Cov Khoom

Cov khoom siv xav tau:

• SMB-20 Geiger Tube (muaj nyob ib puag ncig $ 20 USD ntawm eBay)
• High Voltage DC Step-up Circuit, raug nyiag los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pheej yig ya mus. Nov yog cov qauv tshwj xeeb uas kuv tau siv:
• Zener Diodes nrog kev suav tag nrho tus nqi ntawm ib ncig 400v (plaub 100v ib leeg yuav zoo tagnrho)
• Resistors nrog kev suav tag nrho tus nqi ntawm 5 Megohm (Kuv siv tsib 1 Megohm)
• Transistor - NPN hom, Kuv siv 2SC975
• Piezo Speaker Element (nyiag los ntawm lub microwave lossis cov khoom ua si nrov nrov)
• 1 x AA roj teeb
• AA roj teeb yas dhos
• On/off hloov (Kuv siv SPST hloov pauv ib ntus los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob)
• Muab cov hlau xaim hluav taws xob pov tseg
• Cov ntoo seem, yas, lossis lwm yam khoom siv uas tsis yog coj los siv ua lub hauv paus los txhim kho lub Circuit Court

Cov cuab yeej kuv siv:

• "Mem hluav" soldering hlau
• Lub taub me me rosin-core solder rau lub hom phiaj hluav taws xob
• Kub Nplaum rab phom nrog cov kua nplaum tsim nyog
• Hlau txiav
• Cov hlua hlau
• Ntsia Hlau (rau kev rhuav tshem cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob)

Thaum lub voj voog no tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig lub raj SMB-20, uas tuaj yeem kuaj pom cov beta beta thiab cov duab gamma, nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau yooj yim siv ntau lub raj. Tsuas yog txheeb xyuas qhov tshwj xeeb kev khiav haujlwm ntau thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb ntawm koj lub raj tshwj xeeb thiab hloov kho qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom sib xws. Cov raj loj dua rhiab dua cov me, tsuas yog vim lawv yog lub hom phiaj loj dua rau cov khoom tawg.

Geiger raj xav tau cov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm siab, yog li peb tau siv DC cov theem hluav taws xob los ntawm hluav taws xob ya mus los txhawm rau txhawb 1.5 volts los ntawm roj teeb mus txog li 600 volts (thaum xub thawj cov yoov swatter khiav tawm 3 volts, tso tawm txog 1200v. rau zapping yoov. Khiav nws ntawm qhov siab dua thiab koj yuav muaj taser). SMB-20 nyiam tsav ntawm 400V, yog li peb siv zener diodes los tswj qhov hluav taws xob rau tus nqi ntawd. Kuv tab tom siv kaum peb 33V zeners, tab sis lwm qhov kev sib txuas ua haujlwm yuav zoo ib yam, xws li 4 x 100V zeners, tsuav yog tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm zeners sib npaug lub hom phiaj voltage, hauv qhov no 400.

Cov resistors tau siv los txwv qhov tam sim no rau lub raj. SMB-20 nyiam qhov anode (qhov zoo) tiv thaiv txog 5M ohm, yog li kuv siv tsib 1M ohm resistors. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem siv tau ntev li lawv qhov txiaj ntsig ntxiv txog li 5M ohm.

Lub Piezo hais lus lub ntsiab lus thiab lub transistor suav nrog ntu ntu ntawm Circuit Circuit. P Piezo tus neeg hais lus tawm suab nrov nrov, thiab cov xov hlau ntev ntawm nws tso cai rau koj tuav nws ze rau koj lub pob ntseg. Kuv tau muaj hmoov zoo khaws lawv los ntawm tej yam xws li microwaves, tswb moos, thiab lwm yam uas ua rau nrov nrov nrov nrov. Qhov kuv pom muaj lub tsev yas zoo nyob ib puag ncig nws uas pab txhawb lub suab los ntawm nws.

Lub transistor txhawb qhov ntim ntawm qhov nyem. Koj tuaj yeem tsim lub Circuit Court yam tsis muaj transistor, tab sis cov nias lub Circuit Court tsim tawm yuav tsis nrov li (los ntawm qhov kuv txhais tau tias tsis hnov lus zoo). Kuv siv 2SC975 transistor (hom NPN), tab sis ntau lwm lub transistors yuav zaum ua haujlwm. 2SC975 tsuas yog thawj zaug transistor kuv rub tawm ntawm kuv pawg ntawm cov khoom khaws cia.

Hauv kauj ruam tom ntej peb yuav ua kua muag poob ntawm hluav taws xob. Tsis txhob txhawj nws yooj yim.

Kauj Ruam 3: Dissasemble Fly Swatter

Cov tshuab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem sib txawv me ntsis hauv kev tsim, tab sis txij li peb tsuas yog tom qab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab hauv, tsuas yog rhuav nws sib nrug thiab rub lub siab tawm lol. Cov swatter hauv cov duab saum toj no yog qhov sib txawv me ntsis dua li qhov kuv tau ua rau hauv lub txee, zoo li nws zoo li cov khw tsim lawv cov qauv tsim.

Pib los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov ntsia hlau pom lossis lwm lub khawm tuav nws ua ke, ua rau koj lub qhov muag tawm rau cov ntawv nplaum lossis yam zoo li lub roj teeb npog uas yuav zais qhov txuas ntxiv. Yog tias qhov tseem tsis tau qhib, nws yuav siv qee qhov ntswj nrog lub hau ntswj raws cov nqaws hauv lub cev yas ntawm tus swatter.

Thaum koj tau qhib nws, koj yuav tsum tau siv lub tshuab txiav hlau los txiav cov xov hlau tawm ntawm tus yoov zapper's mesh grid. Ob txoj hlua dub (qee zaum lwm yam xim) tuaj ntawm tib qhov chaw ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, txhua tus coj mus rau ib qho ntawm sab nrauv. Cov no yog qhov tsis zoo, lossis "hauv av" xov hlau rau qhov tso tawm hluav taws xob siab. Txij li cov xov hlau no los ntawm tib qhov chaw ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm hauv Circuit Court, thiab peb tsuas xav tau ib qho, mus tom ntej thiab txiav ib qho ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm txheej, teeb tsa cov hlau seem ib sab rau siv tom qab.

Yuav tsum muaj ib txoj hlua liab coj mus rau sab hauv daim phiaj, thiab qhov no yog qhov ua tau zoo qhov hluav taws xob tso tawm.

Lwm cov xov hlau los ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm hauv Circuit Court mus rau lub thawv roj teeb, thiab ib qho nrog lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav kawg yog qhov tsis zoo txuas. Yooj yim yooj yim.

Yog tias koj sib cais lub taub hau ntawm tus swatter, tej zaum yuav cais cov khoom siv rau kev rov ua dua tshiab, saib xyuas kom pom tau qhov ntse ntawm cov ntxaij hlau.

Kauj Ruam 4: Txhim Kho Lub Circuit Court, thiab Siv Nws

Thaum koj muaj koj cov khoom siv, koj yuav tsum tau muab lawv sib dhos ua ke los tsim cov Circuit Court uas tau qhia hauv daim duab. Kuv kub-glued txhua yam rau ib daim ntawm cov yas ntshiab uas kuv tau tso ncig. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev ruaj khov thiab txhim khu kev qha, thiab kuj zoo li zoo nkauj. Muaj lub sijhawm me me uas koj tuaj yeem muab rau koj tus kheej me ntsis zap los ntawm kev kov ib feem ntawm qhov kev sib tw no thaum nws muaj zog, zoo li kev txuas ntawm tus neeg hais lus piezo, tab sis koj tuaj yeem npog qhov sib txuas nrog kua nplaum kub yog tias muaj teeb meem.

Thaum kuv thaum kawg muaj tag nrho cov khoom kuv xav tau los tsim lub Circuit Court, Kuv cuam nws ua ke thaum tav su. Nyob ntawm seb qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom koj muaj, koj tuaj yeem siv cov khoom siv tsawg dua li kuv tau ua. Koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv lub raj Geiger me me, thiab ua rau lub txee me me heev. Geiger counter wristwatch, leej twg?

Tam sim no koj yuav xav tsis thoob, kuv xav tau dab tsi ntawm Geiger lub txee rau yog tias kuv tsis muaj dab tsi siv xov tooj cua hais rau nws? Lub txee yuav nyem txhua ob peb feeb tsuas yog los ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob tom qab, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov hluav taws xob cosmic thiab xws li. Tab sis, muaj qee qhov hluav taws xob uas koj tuaj yeem pom siv koj lub txee rau ntawm:

Americium los ntawm cov pa luam yeeb

Americium yog tib neeg tsim (tsis yog ib txwm muaj tshwm sim), thiab tau siv rau hauv ionization-type cov pa luam yeeb. Cov pa luam yeeb no muaj ntau heev thiab tej zaum koj yuav muaj ob peb hauv koj lub tsev. Nws yog qhov yooj yim heev los qhia yog tias koj ua, vim tias lawv txhua tus muaj cov lus muaj cov tshuaj muaj kuab paug Am 241 pwm rau hauv yas. Cov americium, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm americium dioxide, tau plated mus rau lub pob hlau me me sab hauv, teeb tsa hauv lub thawv me me hu ua chav ionization. Cov americium feem ntau yog plated nrog txheej txheej kub lossis lwm yam hlau tiv taus xeb. Koj tuaj yeem qhib lub ntsuas pa thiab tshem lub pob me me tawm - nws feem ntau tsis nyuaj.

Vim li cas hluav taws xob hauv lub ntsuas pa?

Sab hauv lub tshuab ntsuas lub tshuab ionization, muaj ob daim hlau hlau zaum sib nrug. Txuas nrog ib ntawm lawv yog lub pob americium, uas tau tso tawm cov kwj dej tsis tu ncua ntawm alpha hais uas hla huab cua me me sib txawv thiab tom qab ntawd tau nqus los ntawm lwm lub phaj. Cov pa nruab nrab ntawm ob daim hlau dhau los ua ionized thiab yog li ntawd yog cov khoom siv me me. Qhov no tso cai rau cov dej me me ntws los ntawm cov paib, thiab qhov tam sim no tuaj yeem hnov los ntawm cov pa ntsuas hluav taws xob. Thaum cov pa luam yeeb nkag mus rau hauv chav, lawv nqus cov alpha hais thiab ua txhaum lub Circuit Court, ua rau lub tswb nrov.

Yog, tab sis nws puas txaus ntshai?

Cov hluav taws xob tawm yog qhov zoo, tab sis kom muaj kev nyab xeeb Kuv pom zoo hauv qab no:

• Khaws lub pob americium hauv qhov chaw nyab xeeb kom deb ntawm cov menyuam, nyiam dua hauv lub thawv uas tsis muaj menyuam ntawm qee yam
• Tsis txhob kov lub ntsej muag ntawm lub pob uas americium tau plated rau. Yog koj ua yuam kev kov lub ntsej muag ntawm lub pob, ntxuav koj txhais tes

Iav Uranium

Uranium tau siv, hauv daim ntawv oxide, ntxiv rau iav. Cov xim feem ntau ntawm cov iav uranium yog mob daj ntseg daj-ntsuab, uas xyoo 1920 coj mus rau lub npe menyuam yaus "vaseline iav" (raws li qhov pom tau zoo ib yam li cov roj av jelly tau tsim thiab muag thaum lub sijhawm ntawd). Koj yuav pom nws sau tias "Vaseline iav" hauv cov khw muag khoom thiab cov khw muag khoom qub, thiab feem ntau koj tuaj yeem thov nws los ntawm lub npe ntawd. Tus nqi ntawm uranium hauv iav sib txawv los ntawm cov qib qib mus txog 2% los ntawm qhov hnyav, txawm hais tias qee daim ntawv nyob rau xyoo pua 20th tau ua nrog txog 25% uranium! Feem ntau cov iav uranium tsuas yog siv tau me ntsis xwb, thiab kuv tsis xav tias nws yog qhov txaus ntshai los tuav.

Koj tuaj yeem lees paub cov ntsiab lus uranium ntawm iav nrog lub teeb dub (lub teeb ci ultraviolet), raws li txhua qhov iav uranium fluoresces ci ntsuab tsis hais txog xim xim iav zoo li lub teeb ci (uas tuaj yeem sib txawv dav). Qhov ci dua ib qho ci hauv qab lub teeb ci ultraviolet, qhov ntau nws muaj uranium. Thaum cov iav ntawm uranium ci hauv qab lub teeb ci ultraviolet, lawv tseem muab lub teeb ntawm lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib lub teeb pom kev uas muaj ultraviolet (zoo li tshav ntuj). Lub zog siab ultraviolet wavelengths ntawm lub teeb tawm tsam uranium atoms, thawb lawv cov electrons mus rau qib siab zog. Thaum cov uranium atoms rov qab mus rau lawv qib ib txwm muaj zog, lawv tso lub teeb pom kev pom.

Vim li cas uranium?

Kev tshawb pom thiab kev sib cais ntawm radium hauv uranium ore (pitchblende) los ntawm Marie Curie ua rau muaj kev txhim kho kev siv uranium mining txhawm rau tshem cov radium, uas tau siv los ua cov xim ci-hauv-qhov-tsaus rau lub moos thiab dav hlau hu. Qhov no tshuav qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm uranium ua cov khoom pov tseg, vim nws siv peb tons ntawm uranium los rho tawm ib gram ntawm radium.

Thorium camping lantern mantles

Thorium yog siv nyob rau hauv lub teeb teeb mantles, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm thorium dioxide. Thaum ua kom sov thawj zaug, polyester ib feem ntawm lub tsho tiv no kub hnyiab, thaum lub thorium dioxide (nrog rau lwm cov khoom xyaw) khaws cov duab ntawm lub tsho tab sis dhau los ua cov khoom siv zoo nkauj uas ci thaum ua kom sov. Thorium tsis tau siv rau daim ntawv thov no, raug txiav los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam feem ntau hauv nruab nrab-90s, thiab tau hloov pauv los ntawm lwm yam uas tsis yog xov tooj cua. Thorium tau siv vim tias nws ua mantles uas ci ntsa iab heev, thiab qhov ci ntsa iab tsis zoo ib yam los ntawm qhov tshiab, tsis muaj xov tooj cua. Koj yuav paub tau li cas tias lub tsho uas koj muaj yog xov tooj cua tiag? Ntawd yog qhov twg Geiger lub txee los rau hauv. Cov khaub ncaws uas kuv tau hla hla tsav Geiger lub txee vwm, ntau ntau dua li iav uranium lossis americium nyees khawm. Nws tsis ntau npaum li thorium ntau dua hluav taws xob ntau dua li uranium lossis americium, tab sis muaj ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau hauv lub teeb tsom teeb dua li lwm qhov chaw. Tias yog vim li cas nws thiaj li coj txawv txawv kom pom muaj hluav taws xob ntau hauv cov khoom siv khoom siv. Tib yam kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb uas siv rau cov khawm americium siv rau lub teeb tsom teeb ib yam nkaus.

Ua tsaug rau kev nyeem ntawv, txhua tus! Yog tias koj nyiam cov lus qhia no, Kuv nkag mus rau hauv "tsim cov cuab yeej" kev sib tw, thiab zoo siab heev rau koj qhov kev pov npav! Kuv kuj tseem nyiam hnov los ntawm koj yog tias koj muaj lus pom lossis lus nug (lossis txawm tias cov lus qhia/tswv yim/kev thuam thuam), yog li tsis txhob ntshai tso cov hauv qab no.

Ua tsaug tshwj xeeb rau kuv tus phooj ywg Lucca Rodriguez rau kev ua daim duab kos duab zoo nkauj rau cov lus qhia no.