Cov txheej txheem:
- Kauj ruam 1: Tau Koj Cov Khoom
- Kauj Ruam 2: Cov Cuab Yeej thiab Cov Khoom Siv
- Kauj Ruam 3: Npaj daim ntawv kaw
- Kauj Ruam 4: Yias thiab Tilt Sib dhos
- Kauj Ruam 5: Txuas Nws
- Kauj Ruam 6: Txoj Cai
- Kauj Ruam 7: Tiav Touches & Laser Kev Nyab Xeeb
Video: LaserKitty !!: 7 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)
2024 Tus sau: John Day | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-30 09:27
Nws yog qhov tseeb thoob ntiaj teb tau lees paub tias ib tus miv hauv kev muaj hmoov zoo yuav tsum yog xav tau ntawm cov khoom ua si laser. Raws li nrog ib tus txiv neej laus xav tau poj niam yav tom ntej, qee qhov kev ceev faj yuav tsum tau ua. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis muaj tseeb ntawm ib yam dab tsi tsim nyog muaj?
Yog tias koj muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog tsiaj thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm laser, hla mus rau qhov kawg ntawm Cov Lus Qhia no ua ntej tawm tswv yim. Yog tias koj muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog tus poj niam yav tom ntej, lossis txawm tias tam sim no, koj yuav tsum tau saib mus rau lwm qhov.
Tam sim no, koj tuaj yeem nqes mus rau koj lub khw tsiaj hauv zos thiab yuav lub laser taw qhia, thiab tej zaum txawm tias qee qhov kev tiv thaiv uas ntxiv qhov tsis siv neeg tsis siv neeg. Koj yuav txuag qee cov nyiaj thiab tuaj yeem xa rov qab yog tias nws tsis ua haujlwm. Lossis koj tuaj yeem tsim qee yam ntawm koj tus kheej. Muaj ntau ntau cov piv txwv tawm muaj, tab sis ntawm no yog kuv qhov kev koom tes rau canon. Nws nta:
- Kev tswj hwm lub xov tooj tag nrho
- Phau ntawv, Pib thiab Teem Sijhawm Hom
- Kev cai thov interface
- Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem sib txuas ntawm ntau lub vev xaib cov neeg siv khoom
- Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem tsom iav ntawm LaserKitty !! nws tus kheej
- Kev teeb tsa yias thiab qaij ntau yam txwv
- Kev teeb tsa lub sijhawm ua si ntev thiab ntau zaus
- Kho qhov rai ua si qhov rai
- Teeb tsa nplooj ntawv nrog-ntawm-ib-nrais qhov chaw tam sim no
- NTP lub sijhawm sib txuas
- Tus tswj hwm WiFi kom yooj yim teeb tsa ntawm cov tes hauj lwm tshiab
- Tone generator los ua Lub Hom Phiaj Ua Tsis Tau Lub ntsiab lus ua ntej txhua qhov kev sib tham ua si: koj miv yuav lossis tsis txaus siab rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg.
- Cov ntawv ceeb toom Pushbullet rau tag nrho koj cov cuab yeej thaum pib sib tham ua si tshiab pib
- Txoj Haujlwm Hauv Tsev Kho tau kom lub sijhawm ua si xaus ntawm lub tais zaub mov lossis cov khoom ua si nyob ruaj ruaj
- Txhua qhov teeb tsa khaws cia hauv EEPROM yog li tsis poob ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob
- Thiab ntau ntxiv! Zoo, tsis yog tiag tiag, hais txog nws.
Kauj ruam 1: Tau Koj Cov Khoom
Nov yog qhov kuv tau siv:
- Ib lub lauj kaub mini thiab qaij sib dhos. Qhov no yeej tsis yog qhov pheej yig tshaj uas koj tuaj yeem pom thiab nws xav tau qee qhov kev hloov kho rau peb lub hom phiaj. Kuv xaiv nws vim nws zoo li me ntsis txias dua li cov khoom lag luam yas hauv qab daus hauv qab daus. Raws li qhov tau txais txiaj ntsig yam tsis tau xav txog, nws tsim qauv tso cai rau yooj yim heev rau teeb tsa lub laser. Nws los nrog ob peb lub micro servos tab sis kuv pom zoo kom koj yuav ib pawg ntxiv rau qhov kev hloov pauv. Koj yuav xav tau tsawg kawg ib qho kev pabcuam ntxiv (ib qho tawg yog qhov zoo).
- Ib qho thaiv. Nws mob kuv kom them $ 8 rau lub thawv yas thiab koj yuav twv yuav raug hu pom qee yam haum rau tsawg dua. Ib yam dab tsi txog qhov loj ntawm qhov txuas txuas yog hais txog qhov yog.
- Ib pawg ESP8266-based development board. Kuv siv NodeMCU. Nws tsis yog qhov tshaj tawm hais tias kuv nyiam cov no. Yooj yim siv hauv Arduino IDE thiab muaj lub cim xeeb ntau rau koj lub vev xaib. Kuj pheej yig thiab, hauv kuv qhov kev paub, nyuaj heev rau kib.
- Mini laser. Kaum rau $ 6 suav nrog Amazon Prime. Koj puas tso dag kuv ?? Tam sim no kuv tsuas yog yuav tsum txiav txim siab yuav ua dab tsi nrog rau lwm cuaj.
- Passive buzzer rau lub suab.
- Ob channel relay. Kuv siv cov no rau kev hloov pauv servos thiab laser rau thiab tawm. Koj tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov kev tivthaiv no raws li kuv yuav piav qhia tom qab.
- 5VDC fais fab mov. Vam tias koj yuav muaj ib qho ntawm cov lus dag ib ncig ntawm qee qhov tsis nco qab gizmo tab sis yog tias tsis muaj dab tsi pheej yig thiab zoo siab uas tuaj yeem tsim nyob ib puag ncig 1A ntawm 5VDC yog qhov koj xav tau.
- Lwm yam khoom siv xws li cov neeg tiv taus, LEDs, cov hlua sib txuas, cov cua sov, cov laug, cov kua nplaum kub. Li qub. Kuv kuj tseem siv lub thoob ntim rau 5VDC cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tawm ntawm kuv qhov txaj muag loj sau los ntawm kev rhuav tshem Arduino cov laug cam.
- Kawg, tab sis tsis txhais tau tias tsawg kawg, daim vinyl decal rau qhov ua tiav qhov ua tsis tiav.
Yog lawm Koj tab tom saib txog $ 50 txhua qhov. Koj tuaj yeem ua nws tsawg dua tab sis tsis yog koj tus miv xav tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws?
Kauj Ruam 2: Cov Cuab Yeej thiab Cov Khoom Siv
Tsis muaj dab tsi tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cuab yeej sab ntawm no. Tsuas yog tus pas nrig zoo, lub ntsuas cua, ntsuas thiab cov cuab yeej siv tes yooj yim. Lub rooj zaum fais fab tuag yog qhov zoo rau kev sim nrog lub laser tab sis tsis tseem ceeb.
Txoj haujlwm no yeej siv lub peev xwm ntawm ESP8266 thiab tshwj xeeb yog NodeMCU. Yog tias koj nyuam qhuav pib nrog ESP8266, Kuv tau pom tsis muaj peev txheej ib-nres zoo dua li qhov no. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog txhua yam hais txog Googling txhawm rau nrhiav cov lus teb rau cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim los.
Kauj Ruam 3: Npaj daim ntawv kaw
Raws li kuv tau hais dhau los, them $ 8 rau lub thawv yas zoo li npau taws. Dab tsi yog qhov tsis zoo txawm hais tias yog ntsia qhov khoom los ntawm kev tso lub qhov rau qhov tsis raug. Yog li ua ntej koj muaj ntawm koj lub npov nrog laum thiab/lossis lwm yam khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj ntawm koj qhov pov tseg, xav txog qhov ua yuam kev uas kuv tau ua.
- Ua ntej tshaj, koj yuav tsum xav txog qhov twg txhua yam khoom yuav haum. Cov xov xwm zoo yog chav thaiv kuv hais qhia kom muaj chaw txaus, txawm tias muaj cov kab xaim tsis zoo uas koj pom ntawm no. Koj tseem tuaj yeem tuaj yeem khiav tawm nrog lub thawv me dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj tshem tawm qhov xa tawm.
- Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov uas koj yuav tsa lub lauj kaub thiab qaij sib dhos hauv lub hau. Kuv thawj zaug tau qhia ntawm no. Kuv xav tias kuv yuav tsum tso nkauj tawm ntawm qhov chaw thiab txoj kev me ntsis rov qab rau kev ruaj ntseg. Lub tswv yim phem! Koj xav tau kev sib dhos kom ze raws li qhov tsim nyog tau mus rau sab ntawm lub hau kom lub thaiv nws tus kheej tsis cuam tshuam nrog nqaj ntawm lub kaum qaij siab. Tsis tas li, kuv xav tias qhov kev npaj zoo tshaj plaws yuav yog txhawm rau txhawm rau lub lauj kaub laser sib dhos rau sab luv dua li, raws li kuv tau ua, sab ntev. Kuv tau ua nws lwm txoj hauv kev rau qhov laj thawj zoo nkauj txawm hais tias muaj peev xwm me ntsis ntxiv rau cuam tshuam.
- Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, NodeMCU tau teeb tsa ntawm Perfboard thiab tuaj yeem yooj yim tau muab tso rau kom nws lub micro USB txuas tau nkag los ntawm lub qhov nyob rau sab lossis tom qab. Qhov no yuav ua rau hloov kho software yooj yim dua (tsis tas yuav hle lub hau). Kuv thawj lub tswv yim yog siv Over-The-Air (OTA) lub tsev qiv ntawv rau kev hloov tshiab thiab koj yuav pom kuv tus lej suav nrog qhov ua haujlwm ntawd, txawm hais tias nws tau hais tawm. Teeb meem yog tias lub suab nrov thiab OTA yuav tsis ua si zoo ua ke (NodeMCU yuav rov pib dua ib nrab ntawm zaj nkauj). Qhov teeb meem no tej zaum yuav kho tau tab sis kuv tsis tau ua tiav hauv kev hloov kho SPIFFS dua li ntawm USB yog li nkag mus rau USB txuas yuav tau zoo. Txog lub sijhawm kuv tau ua txhua qhov no xam tawm tias kuv tau teeb tsa NodeMCU ntawm Perfboard hauv txoj hauv kev uas txhais tau tias tau txais cov txuas txuas tawm ntawm lub thawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tau yam tsis muaj faffing ntau. Huag zoo.
- Yog tias kuv yuav tsum ua txoj haujlwm dua kuv yuav ua raws li RGB LED nrog liab "lub zog ntawm" LED. (Lub hom phiaj ntawm RGB LED yog los qhia seb hom LaserKitty !! nyob hauv yam tsis tas yuav saib lub app.)
Ib feem me me ntawm qhov ua rau qhov ua tau yog lub duab plaub rau lub lauj kaub servo. Kuv siv lub laum thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kuv qhov kev sim thawj zaug nws nyuaj ua kom nws zoo ib yam square (lossis duab plaub, kuv kwv yees). Tab sis thaum lub servo tau teeb tsa koj tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov ntawd.
Koj yuav tsum ua peb lwm qhov, Cov no yuav tsum tau muab tso rau tom qab ntawm lub npov thiab tau siv rau lub hwj chim txuas, lub tswb nrov thiab nkag nkag rau lub qaij servo thiab laser txuas. Tag nrho cov qhov no tuaj yeem ua puag ncig thiab nthuav tawm tsis muaj teeb meem los ua nrog tsuas yog lub laum.
Kev siv cov kua nplaum kub ua kom ruaj ntseg txhua yam nyob hauv qhov chaw (tshwj tsis yog lub lauj kaub servo, uas txuas rau lub hau uas siv cov servo lub tab sib dhos).
Kauj Ruam 4: Yias thiab Tilt Sib dhos
Thaum kuv tau txais lub lauj kaub thiab qaij sib dhos kuv xav tias kuv tau ua lwm qhov yuam kev loj. Muab tso ua ke raws li qhia nws tiag tiag tsis yog lub lauj kaub thiab qaij tshuab txhua qhov tab sis yog qhov qaij thiab ntswj tsim - tsim nyog rau nws lub hom phiaj siv ua caj npab neeg hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm ntawm kev xav nyob ntsiag to tso cai rau kuv pom nws tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke hauv lwm txoj hauv kev kom ua tiav qhov txiaj ntsig xav tau. Txawm tias zoo dua qub, qhov chaw qub ntawm qhov "twist" servo tuaj yeem siv los ua kev teeb tsa rau laser.
Yog tias koj tshuaj xyuas qhov sib dhos ua tiav hauv cov duab no koj yuav tau txais lub tswv yim. Koj yuav nyob nrog cov hlau me me uas tsis xav tau hauv qhov tsim qauv no.
Lub teeb ntawm kev tshoov siab kuv tau yog siv qhov chaw qub ntawm qhov kev pabcuam thib ob los teeb lub laser. Txawm tias zoo dua, yog tias koj txiav txim siab duff servo thiab laum tawm cov caj npab sib txuas nws yog qhov chaw teeb tsa zoo tshaj plaws rau lub laser! Tsuas yog tsis txhob suav qhov kev rau siab uas yuav tsum tau hacksaw servo sib nrug. Muaj qee cov nqaij rau cov blighters me me!
Tom qab sib dhos thiab teeb tsa hauv lub thawv ntawv, THIAB Ua Ntej Thov Siv Lub Hwj Chim, nco ntsoov tias nws yuav yias zoo nkauj npaum li 180 degrees hla lub ntsej muag ntawm lub thawv. Ua li cas lossis lwm qhov tom qab kuv tau teeb tsa nws ib zaug ua tiav Kuv tau txais lub lauj kaub mount rov qab ua ke kom lub taub hau ntsia liaj qhov rooj ntawm lub hauv paus tau khi tawm tsam kev txhawb nqa me ntsis ntawm servo qhov chaw uas lub caj npab xav kom teeb tsa. Qhov tshwm sim yog servo tshem tawm nws lub zog tam sim ntawd. Ntawm qhov ci ntsa iab, tam sim no kuv muaj lwm lub duff servo los siv ua lub laser teeb.
Kauj Ruam 5: Txuas Nws
Vam tias Fritzing daim duab ua kom pom tseeb. Qee cov ntsiab lus los piav qhia ntxiv:
- Raws li tau tham tom qab, Kuv xav ua lub laser kom dim li qhov ua tau thaum khaws qhov ci kom txaus kom nws siv tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho tab sis qhov kaj tshaj plaws nyob sab hauv tsev. Nrog kev sim me ntsis kuv tau txiav txim siab ntawm lub zog nws los ntawm 3.3VDC tus pin ntawm Node MCU, ntxiv 22 Ohm resistor hauv koob rau ntsuas zoo. Nrog qhov teeb tsa no nws rub ncig 10mA yog li hauv txoj kev xav nws tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha los ntawm GPIO tus pin tab sis kuv pom tias dhau lawm, txawm tias tsis muaj tus tiv thaiv.
- Lub laser muaj lub peev xwm txwv tsis pub hloov pauv kom pom tseeb (collimation?)
- Kuv thawj qhov kev xav yog hloov lub servos rau thiab tawm nrog lub transistor tab sis qhov no ua rau cov servos mus vwm. Kuv paub tseeb tias muaj qhov laj thawj zoo rau qhov no tab sis txij li thaum kuv twb muaj qee qhov kev xa khoom tau yooj yim Kuv coj txoj hauv kev yooj yim tawm thiab cais lub zog tag nrho rau servos. Thiab txij li cov kis tau muaj ob txoj hauv kev Kuv xav tias kuv yuav zoo li hloov lub laser ntawd ib yam nkaus (cov xov paj liab yog cov teeb liab tswj los ntawm MCU). Kuv nyiam cov neeg siv tshuab nyem nyem qhov kev daws teeb meem no ib yam. Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lwm yam txawm hais tias. Tsis pom tab sis qhov txuas tau txuas ncaj qha los ntawm 5VDC cov khoom siv - NodeMCU tsuas yog tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm ua ob txoj kev xa tawm ncaj qha tab sis tsis muaj laj thawj yuav ua rau nws muaj teeb meem. Yog tias koj tau siv cov kev xa rov qab no ua ntej koj yuav paub qhov no yuav tsum tau tshem lub jumper ntawm JD-VCC thiab VCC.
- RGB LED muaj 220 Ohm tam sim no txwv kev tawm tsam ntawm liab thiab ntsuab thiab 100 Ohm ntawm xiav. Liab "lub zog ntawm" LED muaj 450 Ohm resistor vim nws tau siv los ntawm 5VDC ntau dua 3.3VDC. Cov no tsuas yog qhov txiaj ntsig ballpark kom tau txais lub ci ci ntau thiab tsim nyog ua neej nyob ntev.
- Lub suab nrov nrov nrov heev. Koj tuaj yeem xav ntxiv tus tiv thaiv rau kab teeb liab kom txo qis ntim. Lub suab nrov tuaj yeem hloov pauv tag nrho ntawm software tab sis qee yam hauv nruab nrab yuav zoo.
Kauj Ruam 6: Txoj Cai
Txawm hais tias tau piav qhia ntev ntev ntawm qhov kho vajtse sab, 90% ntawm kev rau siab ntawm no mus rau hauv txoj cai. Nws yuav tau ntau dua tab sis kuv "qiv" qee qhov zoo rau kev txav ntawm lub laser hauv hom pib los ntawm no. Tsis muaj kev nkag siab rov kho lub log. Qhov tseeb, koj yuav txiav txim siab ua raws txoj haujlwm ntawd ntau dua li qhov no, lossis sib xyaw thiab sib phim ntawm ob qho tib si. Muaj tseeb, Kuv nyiam lub tswv yim ua qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv nrog 3D tshuab luam ntawv, tab sis kuv tsis muaj.
Kuv tus lej (pom ntawm GitHub ntawm no) yog hauv peb ntu tseem ceeb. Muaj Arduino kos duab nws tus kheej, HTML cov ntaub ntawv nrog pawg Javascript rau daim ntawv thov cov ntsiab lus, thiab cuam tshuam nrog CSS cov ntaub ntawv rau kev ua kom zoo nkauj. Kuv siv txoj haujlwm no kom kawm paub me ntsis ntxiv txog txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm no, pib los ntawm lub hauv paus qis heev tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau ntawm daim ntawv thov interface sab ntawm yam. Kuv tau sim ua kom zoo dua cov cai me ntsis tab sis kuv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog tsuas yog tau txais yam ua haujlwm. Txoj cai siv Websockets rau kev sib tham ob tog ntawm NodeMCU server thiab cov neeg siv txuas nrog.
Tus lej Arduino tau hais tawm dav heev yog li cia siab tias koj yuav pom nws yooj yim ua raws. Thaum koj tau rub nws los ntawm GitHub, lo tag nrho ntau hauv daim nplaub tshev, xa daim duab kos rau koj li MCU, tom qab ntawv rub cov ntsiab lus ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv" subfolder rau hauv SPIFFS.
Qhov tseeb, kos qhov ntawd. Yog tias koj xav siv Pushbullet ceeb toom tshwj xeeb koj yuav xub xav tau API Access Token muaj los ntawm no. Nws mus rau Kab 88 ntawm Arduino code. Pushbullet ua haujlwm tau zoo tab sis yog tias koj tab tom teeb tsa tus as khauj hauv koj lub xov tooj thawj zaug koj yuav pom tias koj yuav tsum tau kos npe nkag, tawm mus, tom qab ntawv rov nkag dua ua ntej cov ntawv ceeb toom pib tshwm raws li teeb tsa hauv koj lub xov tooj.
Muaj peb lub vev xaib-lub vijtsam tawg, daim ntawv thov cuam tshuam tiag tiag, thiab nplooj ntawv teeb tsa. Kev cais tawm cov ntsiab lus hauv txoj hauv kev no ua rau siv lub interface ntau dua app-zoo li, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim muaj cov kev xaiv teeb tsa dav dav (lub screenshot ntes tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov kev xaiv no).
Ib qho txawv ntawm qhov tau txais NodeMCU los ua haujlwm ntau nplooj ntawv yog tias kuv yuav tsum tau muab txhua daim duab duab tso rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tais ceev tseg ncaj qha - tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm yog tias lawv tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv me me. Kuv tau suav tag nrho cov duab kuv siv hauv GitHub chaw cia khoom yog li nws ua haujlwm tawm-ntawm-lub npov tab sis koj yuav ua xyem xyav xav hloov lawv nrog koj cov duab.
Kauj Ruam 7: Tiav Touches & Laser Kev Nyab Xeeb
Txawm hais tias nws qhov muag pom $ 8 tus nqi, lub thawv yog, zoo, theej siv tau. Tom qab me ntsis ntawm poking ncig ntawm Etsy Kuv pom cov duab yas uas koj pom ntawm cov khoom tiav (thiab uas yog tsom iav ntawm daim ntawv thov). Xa los ntawm UK nws yog qhov kim me ntsis tab sis nws tsim nyog nws - thiab koj tau txais ob qhov xwm txheej koj xav rov ua qhov haujlwm. Raws li kuv qhov kev ua yeeb yam zaum kawg, kuv tig qhov me me "dimples" hauv tus miv lub qhov muag kom lawv tab tom saib lub teeb liab liab lub zog LED, uas sawv hauv qhov chaw laser. Nyob ntawm koj qhov kev xav tau zoo, koj tuaj yeem lossis tsis xaiv mus rau mais ntxiv no.
Lub vijtsam tawg HTML cov ntawv suav nrog cov lej txhawm rau ntxiv lub cim rau koj lub vijtsam iPhone hauv tsev.
Thaum kawg, Kuv yuav tsum tsis txhob quav ntsej txog kev txhawj xeeb qhia txog kev siv lub tshuab laser ua si nrog miv. Muaj ob qhov kev tsis pom zoo tseem ceeb:
- Lub laser tuaj yeem dig muag lossis ua rau miv lub qhov muag puas
- Ua si nrog lub tshuab laser thaum kawg tsis txaus siab rau miv vim tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem ntes lossis "tua" nws
Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov cuam tshuam txog ob lub ncauj lus, qee qhov zoo li paub, qee qhov tsawg dua. Thaum kawg, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab koj tus kheej seb qhov haujlwm no, lossis lwm yam khoom ua si laser, yog qhov zoo rau koj tus miv. Qhov kuv tau ua yog sim thiab daws qhov teeb meem thawj zaug los ntawm kev ua lub laser kom dim li qhov ua tau yam tsis ua rau nws nyuaj rau pom ntawm qib teeb pom kev zoo. Tsis tas li, nco ntsoov tias ib tus miv siv lub cuab yeej tsis muaj lub siab nyiam los ntsia lub laser nws tus kheej ntau dua li cov teev - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj npaj siab siv LaserKitty !! hauv Auto lossis Teem Sijhawm Hom. Ib lub hom phiaj ntawm Pushbullet ceeb toom tshwj xeeb yog rau nws kom siv ua ke nrog lub koob yees duab saib xyuas yog li koj tau ceeb toom kom saib koj cov miv ua si thaum koj tsis nyob.
Raws li qhov kev tsis pom zoo zaum thib ob, Kuv suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm txuag tau "Txoj Haujlwm Hauv Tsev" uas lub laser yuav rov qab los tom qab teem sijhawm ua si. Yog tias koj teeb tsa qhov no taw tes rau cov khoom ua si nyob ruaj ruaj lossis koj cov miv lub tais zaub mov nws vam tias yuav muab qee qhov kev daws teeb meem. Txawm hais tias, nrog miv, leej twg paub tiag?
Pom zoo:
YADPF (YET Lwm Tus Duab Duab Duab): 7 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)
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