Hnub ci 12V SLA Roj Teeb Charger: 6 Kauj Ruam

2024 Tus sau: John Day | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-30 09:27

Qee lub sij hawm dhau los, Kuv tau los ua tus "Txiv qaub" ntawm ATV ib sab. Suffice hais, muaj ntau qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm nrog nws. Qee lub sijhawm, Kuv tau txiav txim siab tias "Hav, kuv yuav tsum tsim kuv tus kheej lub zog hluav taws xob lub hnub ci lub zog kom tsuas yog ua kom pheej yig tuag-li-ib-qhov rooj-ntsia hlau roj teeb them thaum lub teeb taws ua haujlwm!" Thaum kawg qhov hloov pauv mus rau hauv lub tswv yim uas "Hav, kuv yuav tsum siv lub roj teeb ntawd los txhawb qee qhov haujlwm nyob deb kuv tau npaj!"

Yog li, "Lead Buddy" hnub ci lub roj teeb them tau yug los.

Thaum xub thawj, Kuv tau saib los ntawm kev tsim kuv tus qauv tsim los ntawm Sparkfun's "Sunny Buddy" (yog li qhov twg kuv tau txais lub npe), tab sis los ntawm qhov xwm txheej, kuv tau tshwm sim los ceeb toom tias cov khoom kuv twb tau siv hauv lwm qhov haujlwm, yeej muaj daim ntawv thov siv raws li lub roj teeb hnub ci them nyiaj (uas kuv tau plam thaum hla hla cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej) - Cov Khoom Siv Analog LTC4365! Nws tsis muaj MPPT, tab sis nyob zoo, tsis yog Sparkfun's "Sunny Buddy" (tsawg kawg tsis muaj tseeb MPPT lawm …) Yog li, peb yuav kho qhov no raws nraim li cas? Zoo, nyob zoo nyeem ntawv, koj saib los ntawm app sau ntawv !!! Tshwj xeeb, Microchip's AN1521 "Cov Lus Qhia Ua Kom Siv Hnub Ci Vaj Huam Sib Luag MPPT Algorithms". Nws yog qhov nyeem tau zoo heev, thiab muab ntau txoj hauv kev sib txawv rau kev siv MPPT tswj. Koj tsuas xav tau ob lub ntsuas hluav taws xob, lub ntsuas hluav taws xob (faib hluav taws xob), thiab lub ntsuas hluav taws xob tam sim no, thiab koj xav tau ib qho kev tso tawm. Kuv tau tshwm sim los paub txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntsuas tam sim no uas tuaj yeem siv nrog N-Channel MOSFET, hu ua IR25750 los ntawm International Rectifier. Lawv AN-1199 ntawm IR25750 kuj yog qhov nthuav nyeem. Thaum kawg, peb xav tau microcontroller los txuas txhua yam ua ke, thiab txij li peb tsuas xav tau 3 tus pin, nkag mus rau ATtiny10!

Kauj Ruam 1: Xaiv Qhov, Kos Duab

Tam sim no peb muaj peb 3 ntu tseem ceeb, peb yuav tsum pib xaiv ntau yam ntxiv uas yuav xav tau nrog peb IC's. Peb qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv tom ntej yog peb MOSFETs, tshwj xeeb, rau qhov kev kho dua tshiab no (saib cov kauj ruam kawg rau cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv txog qhov ntawd), Kuv tau xaiv siv TWO SQJB60EP Dual N-Channel MOSFETs. Ib MOSFET raug tswj tshwj xeeb los ntawm LTC4365, thiab lwm MOSFET tau teeb tsa kom ib qho FET ua raws li "qhov zoo tshaj plaws qis-sab diode" npaj rau thim rov qab tiv thaiv (Yog tias koj tshawb hauv google, koj yuav tsis tuaj nrog daim ntawv thov sau los ntawm TI thiab Maxim ntawm qhov kev kawm, kuv yuav tsum khawb rau nws.), Thaum lwm FET yog tswj los ntawm ATtiny10's 16-ntsis PWM timer (lossis yam kev daws teeb meem uas koj xaiv …). Tom ntej no tuaj peb qhov kev mob siab rau, uas ncaj ncees tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau npe. Lawv suav nrog cov resistors rau qhov faib hluav taws xob/them nqi hluav taws xob, thiab ntau yam hla hla/khaws cov khoom tso tawm, tsuas yog xyuas kom tseeb tias koj cov neeg tiv thaiv tuaj yeem tswj hwm lub zog tawm mus los ntawm lawv, thiab tias koj lub capacitors muaj qhov kub thiab txias (X5R lossis zoo dua). Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov, vim tias vim li cas qhov no tau tsim, lub roj teeb YUAV TSUM tau txuas nrog lub rooj tsav xwm kom nws ua haujlwm.

Kuv tau teeb tsa LTC4365 kom tuaj yeem them lub roj teeb 12 lossis 24V los ntawm kev hloov lub jumper (txhawm rau muab tus pin OV ntawm lub charger nrog 0.5V thaum lub roj teeb raug them ib puag ncig 2.387V/cell rau 12V roj teeb). Lub tshuab hluav taws xob sib faib hluav taws xob kuj tseem kub tau them los ntawm 5k PTC tus tiv thaiv uas txuas rau lub rooj tsavxwm ntawm 2.54mm lub taub hau thiab yuav txuas rau sab ntawm lub roj teeb nrog rau qhov ua kom sov ua kom sov, lossis txawm tias cov kab xev. Peb kuj tseem yuav tsum tau siv ob peb zeners thoob plaws qhov tsim, uas yog rau kev tsav tsheb rov qab hluav taws xob MOSFET (ntxiv rau muab lub zog rau lwm FET hauv qhov xwm txheej koj tsis nruab MPPT cov khoom siv ntawm jumper ncoo) thiab tiv thaiv LTC4365's pins los ntawm overvoltage. Peb yuav ua lub zog ATtiny10 nrog 5V lub tsheb tswj kev ntsuas rau 40V cov tswv yim.

Fuses …

Ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov, yog tias koj yuav tsum ib txwm muaj fuses ntawm koj cov tswv yim thiab cov txiaj ntsig thaum nws los txog rau lub roj teeb them, thiab tias koj yuav tsum ib txwm siv OV tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom siv tam sim no (IE- roj teeb). Cov tswv yim tam sim no qis tsis tuaj yeem npaj tau muaj OVP siv (IE- cov kab hluav taws xob), vim tias lawv feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom tam sim no txaus los mus rau qhov tawg/fuse. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau qhov xwm txheej tuag taus uas koj li TRIAC/SCR yuav pib ua kom sov ntau dua, qhov ua tsis tiav, ua rau koj cov khoom hauv kab puas tsuaj, lossis ua rau koj txoj haujlwm tawg hauv nplaim taws. Koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm muab txaus tam sim no kom tshuab lub fuse raws sijhawm (uas peb lub roj teeb 12V tuaj yeem ua tau). Raws li rau fuses, Kuv txiav txim siab mus nrog 0453003. MR los ntawm Littlefuse. Nws yog lub fuse zoo heev hauv pob me me SMD. Yog tias koj txiav txim siab mus nrog cov fuses loj dua, xws li 5x20mm fuses, THOV, RAU KEV HLUB NTAWM QHOV CHAW UA HAUJ LWM HAUV QHOV CHAW UA HAUJ LWM HIGHER YUAV UA LI CAS KOJ THIAJ YUAV TAU …… Tsis txhob siv iav fuses. Cov iav fuses tuaj yeem tawg thaum lawv tshuab, xa cov khoom kub ntawm cov hlau yaj thiab cov iav ntse tawm thoob plaws koj lub rooj tsavxwm ua txhua yam kev puas tsuaj hauv tus txheej txheem. Ib txwm siv cov fuse ceramic, feem ntau ntawm lawv tau ntim nrog cov xuab zeb kom thaum lawv tshuab, lawv tsis kib koj lub rooj tsavxwm, lossis koj lub tsev (tsis hais txog tias cov nplais nws tus kheej yuav tsum tau pab tiv thaiv, zoo ib yam li cov cuab yeej siv phom ceramic. los tiv thaiv cov tsheb niaj hnub los ntawm kev ua lub taub hau zoo li lub taub hau/ TSHAWB TSHIAB JETS OF PLASMA). Muaj peev xwm "Pom" qhov xaim me me hauv koj lub fuse (uas, koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem pom ib qho twg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj yuav luag tsis pom kev) tsis tsim nyog muaj cov pa taws ua pa taws uas koj lub tsev tau siv. Yog tias koj xav tau ntsuas koj lub fuse, siv lub multimeter los tshuaj xyuas nws qhov tsis kam.

Kev tiv thaiv ESD

Ntev mus ntev yog hnub uas peb vam khom tshwj xeeb ntawm $ 5-10 tus neeg sib txawv los tiv thaiv peb cov phiaj xwm hluav taws xob. Koj yuav tsum ib txwm pov rau qee qhov TVS, lossis Kev Nyuaj Siab Kev Nyuaj Siab, diodes. Muaj lus tsis muaj laj thawj tsis ua. Ib qho tswv yim twg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom siv hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm ESD. Thaum muaj hluav taws xob tsoo ze koj lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag/ib qho-ncab-ntawm-xaim, TVS me me, ua ke nrog lub fuse, tuaj yeem tiv thaiv koj txoj haujlwm los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm ib yam ntawm ESD/EMP (uas yog dab tsi xob kev tawm tsam yog, sorta….). Lawv tsis ze li ruaj li MOV's, tab sis lawv yeej tuaj yeem ua tiav txoj haujlwm feem ntau.

Uas coj peb mus rau peb cov khoom tom ntej, Spark khoob. "Dab tsi yog qhov khoob khoob?!?" Zoo, qhov khoob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog kab uas nthuav tawm mus rau hauv lub dav hlau hauv av los ntawm ib qho ntawm koj cov pins nkag, uas muaj lub ntsej muag muag tawm ntawm nws thiab lub dav hlau hauv av hauv cheeb tsam thiab raug qhib rau huab cua qhib. Yooj yim muab, nws tso cai rau ESD txhawm rau ncaj ncaj rau hauv koj lub dav hlau hauv av (txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tiv thaiv tsawg kawg), thiab cia siab tias yuav tseg koj lub voj voog. Lawv raug nqi kiag li tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv, yog li koj yuav tsum ib txwm ntxiv lawv qhov uas koj tuaj yeem ua tau. Koj tuaj yeem suav qhov kev ncua deb uas koj xav tau ntawm koj txoj hauv kev thiab lub dav hlau hauv av los tiv thaiv qee qhov hluav taws xob los ntawm Paschen Txoj Cai. Kuv yuav tsis tham txog yuav suav li cas, tab sis txaus los hais tias qhov kev paub dav dav ntawm kev laij lej raug qhia. Txwv tsis pub, koj yuav tsum ua zoo nrog 6-10mil qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm kab thiab hauv av. Kev siv txoj kab sib npaug yog qhov pom zoo. Saib daim duab uas kuv tshaj tawm rau lub tswv yim seb yuav siv nws li cas.

Av dav hlau

Tsis muaj laj thawj tsis txhob siv ib qho av loj pov rau hauv cov phiaj xwm hluav taws xob feem ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov khib heev kom tsis txhob siv cov av nchuav li txhua yam ntawm tooj liab ntawd yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm. Koj twb tau them rau tooj liab, koj yuav zoo li tsis muaj nws ua paug dej hauv Suav teb (lossis nyob qhov twg los xij) thiab muab nws siv zoo li koj lub dav hlau av. Hatched pours tau siv tsawg heev hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no, thiab tsis tshua muaj, yog tias puas tau siv ntxiv rau qhov txiaj ntsig zoo li cov av tau nchuav tias muaj qhov ua tau zoo dua rau cov cim qhia ntau zaus, tsis hais txog tias lawv zoo dua ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov cim tsis zoo THIAB tuaj yeem muab qee qhov hla dhau lub peev xwm nrog lub dav hlau "nyob" yog tias koj siv ntau txheej txheej. Nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov, yog tias koj siv lub qhov cub rov qab los lossis cua sov rov ua haujlwm chaw nres tsheb, qhov sib txuas dav hlau hauv av mus rau cov khoom tsis ua haujlwm tsis raug qhia, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem "tombstone" thaum rov ua dua, raws li lub dav hlau hauv av muaj ntau dua cua sov uas yuav tsum tau ua kom sov txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau yaj. Koj tuaj yeem ua tau nws yog tias koj tau ceev faj, tab sis koj yuav tsum siv cov ntaub qhwv cua sov, lossis qhov EasyEDA hu li cas "Hais lus" txuas koj cov khoom tiv thaiv kab mob hauv av rau. Kuv lub rooj tsavxwm siv cov ntaub qhwv cua sov, txawm hais tias txij li kuv tab tom siv tes, nws yeej tsis muaj teeb meem li cas.

Thaum tshav kub kub …

Peb lub hnub ci them nyiaj yuav tsum tsis txhob tso cua sov ntau dhau, txawm tias nws qhov siab tshaj plaws tsim tam sim no ntawm 3A (nyob ntawm lub fuse). Qhov phem tshaj, peb SQJB60EP qhov kev tiv thaiv yog 0.016mOhm ntawm 4.5V ntawm 8A (SQJ974EP hauv kuv qhov kev kho dua zaum ob, ntawm 0.0325mOhm, saib kuv cov ntawv thaum kawg kom paub ntau ntxiv). Siv Ohms Law, P = I^2 * R, peb lub zog tso tawm yog 0.144W ntawm 3A (Tam sim no koj pom yog vim li cas kuv tau siv N channel MOSFETs rau peb MPPT thiab rov qab hluav taws xob "diode" Circuit). Peb lub tsheb 5V tus tswj hwm yuav tsum tsis txhob yaj ntau dhau ib yam, vim peb tsuas yog kos duab ntawm ob peb kaum ob milliamps. Nrog 12V, lossis txawm tias yog 24V roj teeb, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob pom lub zog poob txaus ntawm tus tswj kom tiag tiag yuav tsum txhawj xeeb txog tshav kub kub nws, txawm li cas los xij raws li TI daim ntawv thov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov teeb meem, feem ntau ntawm koj lub zog ploj mus raws li cua sov yuav coj rov qab mus rau hauv PCB nws tus kheej, vim nws yog txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv tsawg kawg. Raws li qhov piv txwv, peb SQJB60EP muaj cov cua sov tiv taus 3.1C/W mus rau lub ncoo dej, hos cov hnab yas muaj cua sov tiv taus 85C/W. Kev ua kom sov sov ua tau zoo dua thaum ua tiav los ntawm PCB nws tus kheej, IE- tso tawm cov dav hlau zoo rau koj cov khoom uas ua kom sov ntau (yog li tig koj lub PCB rau hauv lub taub hau nthuav tawm), lossis xa cov vias mus rau sab nraud ntawm pawg thawj coj los ntawm lub dav hlau me me nyob rau sab saum toj kom tso cai rau kev tsim qauv ntau dua. (Kev xa cov cua sov mus rau lub dav hlau nyob rau sab nraud ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm tseem ua rau nws yooj yim txuas lub rhaub dej kub/slug mus rau sab nraub qaum ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, lossis kom muaj qhov cua sov tawm mus los ntawm lub dav hlau hauv av ntawm lwm lub rooj tsavxwm thaum txuas ua module.) Ib txoj hauv kev nrawm thiab qias neeg koj tuaj yeem suav tau tias lub zog koj tuaj yeem nyab xeeb los ntawm ib feem yog (Tj - Tamb) / Rθja = Power. Yog xav paub ntxiv, Kuv xav txhawb koj kom nyeem TI daim ntawv thov app.

Thiab thaum kawg…

Yog tias koj xav kom koj lub phiaj xwm sab hauv ntawm lub thawv, xws li kuv npaj yuav ua raws li nws yuav pom tseeb siv sab nraud, koj yuav tsum xaiv ib lub thawv/lub thawv ua ntej tso koj lub rooj tsav khoom tawm. Hauv kuv qhov xwm txheej, Kuv xaiv Polycase's EX-51, thiab tau tsim kuv lub rooj tsavxwm zoo li no. Kuv kuj tsim "lub vaj huam sib luag pem hauv ntej" lub rooj tsavxwm, uas txuas rau lub hnub ci tawm tswv yim "castles" qhov, lossis ntau dua qhov tseeb, qhov qhib (uas haum rau 1.6mm tuab pawg thawj coj saib). Muab lawv tso ua ke, thiab koj zoo mus. Lub vaj huam sib luag no muaj cov dej sib txuas los ntawm Switchcraft. Kuv tsis tau txiav txim siab yog tias kuv yuav siv "lub vaj huam sib luag pem hauv ntej" lossis "lub vaj huam sib luag tom qab" tseem tsis tau, tab sis tsis hais txog qhov twg, kuv tseem yuav xav tau "cov kab hluav taws xob tiv thaiv kab mob" rau qhov nkag los lossis tso tawm, ntxiv rau peb lub roj teeb thermistor. Ib qho ntxiv, kuv lub charger kuj tseem tuaj yeem teeb tsa ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm raws li tus qauv (yog li qhov ua rau lub qhov tso tawm).

Kauj ruam 2: Tau Koj Qhov

Kev xaj koj cov khoom tuaj yeem yog txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev, muab pes tsawg tus neeg muag khoom muaj, thiab txiav txim siab qhov tseeb tias cov khoom me me yuav ploj mus ib ntus (piv txwv li cov neeg tawm tsam, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob). Qhov tseeb, kuv poob lub resistors rau 24V roj teeb them Circuit Court. Ua tsaug, Kuv yuav tsis siv 24V them nqi hluav taws xob.

Kuv xaiv xaj kuv li PCB los ntawm JLCPCB, vim tias nws cov av pheej yig. Lawv kuj tau zoo li hloov mus rau "txheej txheem duab duab-muaj peev xwm", uas tawm cov nkig nkig nkig nkig nkig nkuav (thiab muag tau zoo) txij li thaum kuv xaj zaum kawg los ntawm lawv. Hmoov tsis zoo, lawv tsis muab kev thauj khoom dawb ntxiv, yog li koj yuav tau tos ib lossis ob lub lis piam kom tau nws, lossis koj yuav tsum them $ 20+ rau nws kom xa los ntawm DHL…. Raws li rau kuv cov khoom, Kuv tau mus nrog Xub, raws li lawv muaj kev thauj khoom dawb. Kuv tsuas yog yuav tsum tau lub ntsuas cua sov tawm ntawm Digikey, raws li Xub tsis muaj nws.

Feem ntau, 0603 qhov loj me me dhau yog A-OK rau cov laug. 0402 cov khoom me me tuaj yeem nyuaj, thiab poob tau yooj yim, yog li xaj tsawg kawg ob zaug yam koj xav tau. Ib txwm tshuaj xyuas kom paub tseeb tias lawv tau xa koj tag nrho koj cov khoom siv. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias lawv tsis suav sau koj li kev xaj, thiab hloov xa koj 20 lub thawv sib txawv los ntawm FedEx.

Kauj ruam 3: Npaj Npaj…

Npaj txhij rau cov laug…. Koj yeej tsis xav tau ntau yam cuab yeej los ua ke. Ib qho pheej yig, siv zog siv cov hlau txuas, ntxhua khaub ncaws, txhuam, tweezers, thiab snips, yog txhua yam koj xav tau. Koj YUAV TSUM muaj lub tshuab tua hluav taws ntawm qhov tau npaj tseg, thiab koj yuav tsum muaj daim npog ntsej muag npaj los lim tawm cov pa phem hauv lub cev tso tawm los ntawm cov dej ntws, uas yog mob qog noj ntshav/tshuaj lom.

Kauj Ruam 4: Muab Nws Ua Ke

Sib dhos koj li PCB yog qhov yooj yim heev. Nws zoo nkauj heev tsuas yog "tin ib lub ncoo, muab ib tus pin rau hauv lub tab ntawd, tom qab ntawd 'rub cov laug' tus so ntawm tus pin". Koj tsis xav tau lub tshuab tsom iav lossis lub chaw tsim khoom zoo nkauj rov ua dua tshiab kom ua rau cov khoom siv SMD zoo dua. Koj tsis txawm xav tau lub iav tsom iav rau txhua yam loj dua thiab 0603 (thiab qee zaum 0402) cov khoom. Tsuas yog xyuas kom tseeb tias tsis muaj tus pas txuas, thiab koj tsis muaj cov pob qij txha txias. Yog tias koj pom qee yam "lom zem", muab me ntsis ntxig rau nws thiab ntaus nws nrog cov hlau.

Kom deb li deb mus, koj yuav tsum siv qhov tsis huv huv, vim nws muaj kev nyab xeeb tawm ntawm koj lub rooj tsavxwm. Hmoov tsis zoo nws yog qhov mob los ntxuav nws tawm ntawm koj lub rooj tsavxwm. Txhawm rau ntxuav 'tsis-huv' flux, tau txais ntau yam ntawm cov khoom loj raws li koj tuaj yeem ua nrog qee qib qib cawv cawv, siab dua 90% kev mloog zoo, thiab paj rwb swab. Tom ntej no, txhuam nws zoo nrog tus txhuam hniav qub (txhuam txhuam hluav taws xob qub/txhuam txhuam taub hau ua haujlwm zoo nkauj). Thaum kawg, ua kom sov qee qhov dej ntxig rau da dej kub. Koj tuaj yeem siv qee cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav yog tias koj xav tau (tsuas yog ua kom ntseeg tau tias nws yuav tsis royally ntsia hlau rau koj lub rooj tsavxwm, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob ua rau tsis muaj kev sib txuas liab qab ntawm koj li PCB vim cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav tau tsim los "txuas" rau cov khoom siv organic los ntawm cov dej tsis huv Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hydrophobic-hydrophillic tau muab los ntawm cov qauv polar/non-polar hydrocarbon/alkali ntawm nws cov molecules, thiab tuaj yeem ntxuav tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hydrophillic. nrog dej distilled lossis yog tias nws muaj xeb heev). IFF los ntawm qee qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb koj ua tau tag nrho cov dej tsis huv nrog cawv, thiab tej zaum koj yuav tsis ua, koj tuaj yeem hla kev ntxuav koj lub rooj tsavxwm tag nrho ua ke.

Tom qab 30 feeb lossis ntau dua, cov dej kub yuav tsum zom cov seem ntawm cov nplaum uas seem ntawm koj lub rooj tsavxwm, tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem mus rau hauv nroog nrog koj cov txhuam hniav thiab tshem nws tawm. Yaug kom zoo, thiab cia nws qhuav hauv qhov cub toaster teeb rau qhov chaw qis tshaj, lossis cia nws qhuav yam tsawg 24 teev hauv qhov qhib cua. Qhov zoo tshaj, koj yuav tsum siv lub qhov cub ci ci lossis rab phom cua kub pheej yig los ntawm Chaw Thauj Khoom Loj nyob deb txaus kom tsis txhob kib dab tsi. Koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv cua txias kom zoo ib yam.

Raws li cov lus ceeb toom, ceev faj thaum txhuam koj cov PCBs, vim koj tuaj yeem ntim cov khoom xoob. Koj tsis tas yuav tsum nias nyuaj heev, tsuas yog txaus kom tau cov plaub hau nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom.

Kauj Ruam 5: Hnub ci Panels…